JOURNAL
OF THE
NEW YORK
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Urnntrli to iEtttmttDlngij in Ofonmtl
VOLUME LI, 1943
Published Quarterly by the Society North Queen St. and McGovern Ave. Lancaster, Pa.
New York, N. Y.
THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA
CONTENTS OF VOLUME LI
Alexander, Charles P.
Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-Flies
(Tipulidae, Diptera), XVI 199
Book Notices 54, 160, 275, 284, 305
Brown, F. Martin
Notes on Mexican Butterflies, I, Papilionidae 161
Chen, Kan-Fan
New Genera and Species of Chinese Cicadas with Syno-
nymical and Nomenclatorial Notes 19
Clench, Harry K.
A New Axiocerses From West Africa (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) 219
A Note on the Arizona Erora (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) 221 Cockerell, T. D. A.
Book Notice: 1 1 Systematics and the Origin of Species”
by Ernst May 277
Comstock, William P.
New Records (Lepidoptera) 110, 132, 224
Davis, William T.
Two Ways of Song Communication Among Our North
American Cicadas 185
Dillon, Lawrence, and Elizabeth S. Dillon
Supplementary Notes on Western Hemisphere Mono-
chamini 13
Fernald, H. T.
An Insect Lodging House 229
Forbes, William T. M.
Revisional Notes on the Danainae (Supplement) 295
Frost, S. W.
Three New Species of Diptera Related to Agromyza
Pusilla, Meig 253
Fuller, H. S.
Fleas of New England 1
Funkhouser, W. D.
Synonymy of the Membracidae of Formosa 265
Linsley, E. Gorton
The Genus Melecta in Eastern North America and Porto
Rico (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae) 225
iii
Little, Elbert L., Jr.
Common Insects on Piny on (Pinns) 239
McCoy, E. E., Jr.
See Weiss, Harry B.
Malkin, Borys
A Catalogue of Oregon Coccinellidae 191
New Spider Records from New York, No. 2 238
Philip, Cornelius B.
New Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera) Ill
Proceedings of tiie Society 235
Rapp, William F., Jr.
Additions to Smith’s 1909 Diptera List 70
Richards, A. Glenn, Jr.
Lipid Nerve Sheaths in Insects and Their Probable
Relationship to Insecticide Action 55
Rupert, Laurence R.
A Specific Revision of the Genus Metarranthis (Lepi-
doptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) 133
Satterthwait, A. F.
Notes on the Parasitic Habits of Musca stabulans
(Fall.), (Diptera, Muscidae) 233
Schneirla, T. C.
The Army Ant Behavior Pattern 236
Severin, H. C.
A Study of a Gynandromorph of Melanoplus Mexicanus mexicanus (Sauss.), (Orthoptera) 179
Soraci, Frank A.
See Weiss, Harry B.
Timberlake, P. H.
Racial Differentiation in Nearctic Species of Dian-
t hid iu m (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) 71
Weiss, Harry B.
The Journal of the New York Entomological Society,
1893-1942 285
Weiss, Harry B., Frank A. Soraci and E. E. McCoy, Jr.
Insect Behavior to Various Wave-Lengths of Light 117
White, R. T.
Effect of Milky Disease on Tiphia Parasites of Japanese Beetle Larvae 213
IV
Vol. LI
No. 1
MARCH, 1943
New
Journal
of the
York Entomologi
Devoted to Entomology in General
Edited by HARRY B. WEISS
Publication Committee
HARRY B. WEISS EDWIN W. TEALE
HERBERT RUCKES E. L. BELL
Subscription $3.00 per Year
Published Quarterly by the Society N. QUEEN ST. AND McGOVERN AVE. LANCASTER, PA.
NEW YORK, N. Y.
1943
CONTENTS
Fleas of New England
By II. S. Fuller 1
Supplementary Notes on Western Hemisphere Mono- chamini
By Lawrence S. Dillon and Elizabeth S. Dillon 13
New Genera and Species of Chinese Cicadas with Syno- nymical and Nomenclatorial Notes
By Kan-fan Chen 19
Book Notice 54
Lipid Nerve Sheaths in Insects and Their Probable Rela- tion to Insecticide Action
By A. Glenn Richards, Jr 55
Additions to Smith’s 1909 Diptera List
By William F. Rapp, Jr 70
NOTICE: Volume L, Number 4, of The Journal of the New York Entomological Society was published on January 5, 1943.
Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of August 24, 1912.
Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103. Act of October 3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.
JOURNAL
OF THE
New York Entomological Society
Vol. LI
March, 1943
No. 1
FLEAS OF NEW ENGLAND
By H. S. Fuller1
The present paper is a preliminary report on the writer’s studies of New England fleas carried on for the past four years. No species are described as new, but several are recorded from New England for the first time. When more material is avail- able, it is planned to publish a more complete paper, including all known records, and new keys.
The species are arranged according to the classification adopted by Irving Fox (1940), whose work, although not critical, is of great importance and value. I record only specimens examined personally by me. No material in the United States National Museum is included, for this was published by Fox (1940). In some cases, there is apparent duplication, owing to the fact that duplicates of certain collections had already been sent to the National Museum before my studies were begun. This also applies to apparent duplication in the case of a few records pub- lished by Jordan, where specimens had already been sent to him. All the specimens recorded from Milton, Sagamore Beach, West- boro, Massachusetts; and Center Ossipee, New Hampshire, were collected by me. With few exceptions, all the material from Ver- mont was collected by F. L. Osgood.
The writer takes this opportunity to express his appreciation to the following persons who have contributed to this study. Col- lections were loaned by George H. Plumb, Connecticut Agricul-
1 From the Department of Comparative Pathology and Tropical Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
2
Journal New York Entomological Society
[Vol. LI
tural Station ; J. G. Conklin, University of New Hampshire ; M. E. Smith, Massachusetts State College ; Charles 0. Dirks, University of Maine. Richard Dow made available the collection of the New England Museum of Natural History, Boston ; and Nathan Banks and J. Bequaert, that of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. F. L. Osgood of Rutland, Vermont, loaned me some verjr worthwhile material, providing many new records from V er- mont. Carroll N. Smith and H. K. Gouck, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, have very kindly sent numerous fleas collected on the island of Martha’s Vineyard. In one lot the writer has found a male and female of Rectofrontia fraterna (Baker), a species which has been recorded only once previously from the eastern United States.
Family Hectopsyllidae
Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood). — No records of the oc- currence of this species north of the state of New York are known to the writer, although Trembly and Bishopp (1940) cite a record in the literature from Providence, Rhode Island. This species has been reported from New York City on rats, and there is a possibility that it might be found on rats in coastal regions of New England, especially in ports.
Family Pulicidas
1. Hoplopsyllus lynx (Baker). — New Hampshire: Waterville, March 15, 1935, 3 males and 8 females, off Lynx canadensis ( J. D. Smith). Hancock, 1 male and 1 female, off same host. Coos County, 3 males and 7 females, off wildcat.
2. Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild). — Massachusetts : Boston, a large series, collected off rats near wharves during a rat-flea survey conducted in 1934 by Dr. Marshall Hertig and Dr. E. Elizabeth Jones. Fox (1940) records it from Providence, Rhode Island.
3. Pulex irritans Linnaeus. — This species is recorded from Fall River, Massachusetts by Ewing (1931). Trembly and Bishopp (1940) list New Bedford, Massachusetts, in addition. No speci- mens from New England have come to the writer’s attention dur- ing the past four years, although he (1942) has recorded it from Newfoundland, and it probably should be expected sporadically in New England.
Mar., 1943]
Fuller: Fleas
3
4. Cediopsylla simplex (Baker). — Connecticut: Durham, 2 females, off red fox. Litchfield, 3 females, off fox. Maine : Ly- man, 3 males and 3 females, off Lepus americanus virginianus. Massachusetts : Needham, 2 males and 2 females, off Sylvilagus transitionalis. Harvard, 2 females, off same host. Amherst, 1 female, off Lepus sp. Hardwick, 1 male, off wildcat. Amherst, 1 male, off Vulpes fulva. Cummington, 3 females, off cat. Can- ton, 1 male and 2 females, off Sylvilagus sp. Boston, 2 females, off domestic cat. Oak Bluffs, January 14 and 16, 1942, off cotton- tail rabbit, 3 males and 5 females (H. K. Gouck and C. N. Smith, Bishopp nos. 31112 and 31113). New Hampshire: Durham, 2 males and 2 females, off Sylvilagus sp. Vermont : Saxtons River, 1 male and 5 females, off Lepus americanus virginianus.
5. Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche). — Connecticut: Numerous specimens from the following localities: Ansonia, no host data. Guilford, in house. Hartford, in house. Woodmont, off dog. Hamden, in house. Willimantic, off dog. Fairfield, no host data. New Haven, off cat. Massachusetts: Boston, 2 males, caught in Museum; 1 male, off man (J. Bequaert). Cohasset, July-August, 1934, a large series, no host data (Mrs. W. B. Bin- nian). Wellesley, 3 males and 5 females, no host data. West- boro, 2 males and 2 females, off cat ; a series off dog. New Hamp- shire: Center Ossipee, a series, off dog. Raymond, 1 male and
1 female, in house. Vermont: Saxtons River, August 10, 1941,
2 females, in house (F. L. Osgood).
6. Ctenocephalides canis (Curtis). — Massachusetts : Wenham, 2 males and 2 females, off woodchuck. Vermont: Rutland, 1 male and 1 female, off domestic cat.
Family Dolichopsyllidse
7. Trichopsylla lotoris Stewart. — This species has been re- corded by Fox (1940) from Maine, occurring on Procyon lot or lotor. No further records or specimens have been seen by the present writer.
8. Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker. — Connecticut: New Haven, male, and female, off short-tailed shrew. Hamden, 2 males, off mole. Rainbow, 1 male, off large short-tailed shrew. Maine : Deer Island, 1 male, off Clethrionomys gapperi ochraceus.
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[Yol. Li
Massachusetts: Natick, 4 males and 2 females, in mouse nest. Newton Center, 1 male, off Blarina brevicauda talpoides. Peter- sham, 1 female, off Condylura crist ata. Sagamore Beach, 1 fe- male, off Blarina brevicauda talpoides ; a large series off Tamias striatus. Westboro, 1 female, off Marmota monax ssp. Concord, 2 males and 1 female, off Blarina sp. Barnstable, December 17, 1933, 1 male and 1 female, off Microtus p. pennsylv aniens (D. Griffin). Milton, 1 male, off Blarina brevicauda talpoides. Chil- mark, March 26, 1942, off Microtus pennsylv anicus , 2 males and 4 females (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31124). Edgartown, March 25, 1942, off same host, 4 males and 2 females (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31123). Gay Head, off same host, several records as follows: February 17, 1942, 2 males and 3 females (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31116) ; March 19, 1942, 9 males and 11 fe- males (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31120) ; April 17, 1942, 1 male and 8 females (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31129) ; March 19, 1942, in nest of same host, 8 males and 18 females (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31125) ; March 19, 1942, off Peromyscus leucopus ssp., 1 male and 2 females (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31121). Vineyard Haven, April 16, 1942, off Microtus pennsylv anicus, 9 males and 8 females; and April 18, off same host, 4 males and 4 females (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp nos. 31128 and 31130). West Tisbury, April 8, 1942, off same host, 9 males and 8 females (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31126). New Hampshire: Hancock, 1 male and 3 females, off Parascalops breweri. Franklin, 4 males and 1 female, off mole. Center Ossipee, 1 male and 2 females, and 1 male, all off Blarina brevicauda talpoides. Vermont: Bread- loaf, 1 male, off Blarina brevicauda. Middlebury, 2 males, off same host. Rutland, 1 female, off same host. Sherburne, 1 female, off Napaeozapus i. insignis.
9. Bectofrontia fraterna (Baker). — Massachusetts: Edgar- town, March 25, 1942, off Microtus pennsylv anicus, 1 male and 1 female (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31123). This record repre- sents the first for New England, and the second for the eastern United States. Fox (1940) records a single male specimen, taken at Kensington, Maryland, off the same host. The species is ordinarily found on various small mammals in the western states, and as yet we know of only two eastern records. Further search should be made for this species.
Mar., 1943]
Fuller: Fleas
o
Conor hinopsylla stanfordi Stewart. — No records of the occur- rence of this species in New England are known to the writer. It was described from a red squirrel in New York State, and as it has been collected from other species of squirrels, it should be searched for in New England.
10. Oropsylla arctomys (Baker). — Connecticut: Liberty Hill, 3 males and 1 female, off Syrnium nebulosum. Willington, 2 fe- males, off woodchuck, Marmota monax ssp. North Stonington, 2 males, off same host. Durham, 1 female, off same host. Brook- field, 2 males and 6 females, off same host. Kent, 1 male and 3 females, off same host. Massachusetts : Abington, 1 female, off woodchuck. North Eastham, 2 males and 2 females, off same host. Essex, 1 male and 1 female, off same host. Wellesley, 1 male, off same host. Holbrook, 1 male, off same host. Barnstable, April 5, 1934, 1 male and 2 females, off same host (D. Griffin). Marshfield, 3 males and 2 females, off same host. Westboro, 1 male and 2 females, off same host. Needham, 3 males and 1 fe- male, off same host. Newton Center, 2 males and 2 females, off same host. Hadley, 2 males and 2 females, off same host. Charles River Village, 1 female, off skunk. Essex, May 15, 1919, 1 female, off Marmota monax ssp. (A. B. Fuller). Concord, May 2, 1942, off same host, 1 male and 6 females (W. E. Schevill). New Hampshire : Franklin, 2 males and 4 females, off woodchuck.
11. Odontopsyllus multispinosus (Baker). — Massachusetts: Canton, 1 female, off cottontail rabbit, Cohasset, 1 male, off same host. Harvard, 2 males and 1 female, off same host.
Ceratophyllus celsus Jordan. — No records of the occurrence of this species in New England are known to the writer. Fox (1940) records it from the nests of cliff swallows in New York State.
12. Ceratophyllus diffinis Jordan. — New Hampshire: Holder- ness, male and female, from nest of Seiurus aurocapillus.
13. Ceratophyllus idius Jordan and Rothschild. — Massachu- setts : Groton, June 26, 1941, 1 male, in nest of Iridoprocne bicolor (W. P. Wharton). North Eastham, 2 males and 2 fe- males, off same host. Wakefield, large series, off same host (E. E. Tyzzer). Rock, 1 male and 3 females, off same host ; 4 males and 2 females, in nest of Sialia sialis.
14. Ceratophyllus gallinee (Schrank). — Connecticut: Thonrp-
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[Vol. LI
sonville, male and female, in nest of Sialia sialis. Madison, 2 females, in poultry house. Maine: Eliot, male and female in chicken house. Massachusetts: Babson Park, June 7, 1928, 7 males and 8 females, in nest of Sialia sialis. Groton, male and female, off same host ; male and female, in nest of starling. Wake- field, 2 males, in nest of Iridoprocne bicolor (E. E. Tyzzer). New Hampshire : Woodstock, male and female, in hen house.
15. Ceratophyllus riparius Jordan and Rothschild. — Maine: Kent Island, 2 males and 2 females, in nest of Biparia r. riparia (Audubon Society). New Hampshire: Durham, male and fe- male, no host data.
16. Opisodasys pseudarctomys (Baker). — Maine.- East Blue Hill, 1 female, off Sciurus hudsonicus loquax (V. G. Dethier). Windy Pitch, Mt. Katahdin, 4 males and 5 females, off Glaucomys sabrinus. New Hampshire : Peterboro, 2 females, off Glaucomys sabrinus macrotis. Vermont: Mendon, male and female, off Glaucomys v. volans. Saxtons River, 4 males and 6 females, off same host.
17. Orchopeas wickhami (Baker). — Connecticut: Mount Car- mel, 1 female, off mouse. Hamden, 2 males and 2 females, off Sciurus hudsonicus loquax. Massachusetts: Amherst, 1 male and 5 females, off squirrel. Boxboro, 2 males and 2 females, off Sciurus carolinensis leucotis. Brookline, 6 males and 1 female, off same host. Cambridge, 1 male, off same host. Cohasset, 1 male and 1 female, off Sylvilagus sp. Dedham, 2 males, off Sciurus hudsonicus loquax. Harvard, 3 males and 1 female, off same host. Norwell, 1 female, off Battus norvegicus ; 1 male and 1 female, off Sciurus hudsonicus loquax ; 3 females, off Sciurus carolinensis leucotis ; numerous specimens, off same host, January 2, 1937 (C. V. MacCoy). Penikese Island, 1 female, off field mouse. Sagamore Beach, 2 males and 4 females, off Sciurus hud- sonicus loquax ; 1 male and 3 females, off Sciurus carolinensis leucotis ; 1 female, off Tamias striatus lysteri. Wellesley, 1 fe- male, off Sciurus carolinensis leucotis. New Hampshire: Center Ossipee, numerous specimens, off Sciurus hudsonicus loquax. Durham, 2 males and 2 females, off Peromyscus sp. Peterboro, 1 male and 1 female, off Glaucomys sabrinus macrotis. Vermont : Saxtons River, 1 male and 3 females, off Glaucomys v. volans.
Mar., 1943]
Fuller: Fleas
18. Orchopeas caedens (Jordan). — Massachusetts: Cam- bridge, 1 female, off Sciurus carolinensis leucotis. Maine : East Blue Hill, August, 1941, 2 males and 6 females, off Sciurus hud- sonicus loquax (V. G. Dethier). Blue Hill, August 30, 1941, 1 male and 1 female, off same host (V. G. Dethier). Windy Pitch, Mt. Katahdin, August 23, 1928, 3 males, off Glaucomys sabrinus (W. J. Hamilton, Jr., and F. Harper).
19. Orchopeas leucopus (Baker). — Maine: Deer Island, 2 males and 2 females, off Peromyscus maniculatus abietorum. Katahdin Saddle, 1 male, off Peromyscus maniculatus ssp. Basin Pond, Mt. Katahdin, 1 male and 5 females, off same host. Massa- chusetts : Barnstable, 2 females, off Mus m. musculus. Concord, February 17, 1941, 1 male, off Peromyscus leucopus novebora- censis. Milton, October 19, 1941, 1 female ; 1 female ; October 26,
1941, 1 male ; 1 male ; 1 female ; November 9, 1941, 1 male, 2 fe- males, 3 females; all off Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis. Muskeget Island, 4 males and 3 females, off Peromyscus leucopus ssp. Wakefield, 1 female, off same host. Westboro, 2 males and 2 females (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31121) ; April 10, 1942, February 17, 1942, off Peromyscus sp., 1 female (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31117) ; March 19, 1942, off same host, 4 males and 2 females (H. K. Gouck), Bishopp no. 31121) ; April 10, 1942, off same host, 2 males and 2 females (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31127) ; March 19, 1942, off Microtus pennsylvanicus, 1 female (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31120). Vineyard Haven, April 16,
1942, off same host, 1 female (H. K. Gouck, Bishopp no. 31128). New Hampshire: Ossipee, 1 male and 2 females, off Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis. Center Ossipee, numerous specimens, off Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis. Hampton, 1 male, off Pero- myscus sp. Rhode Island : Kingston, 3 males and 2 females, off Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis. Vermont: Sherburne, 3 males and 3 females, off Clethrionomys gapperi ochraceus. Pitts- ford Mills, 1 female, off Peromyscus manicidatus gracilis. Men- don, 3 females, off Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis. Rutland, 4 males and 4 females, off same host.
20. Megabothris asio (Baker). — Massachusetts: Gay Head, April 10, 1942, off Peromyscus leucopus ssp., 1 female; January 21, 1942, off Microtus pennsylvanicus , 1 male; March 19, 1942,
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[Yol. li
in nest of same host, 1 male and 1 female ; April 17, 1942, off same host, 3 males and 2 females. Chilmark, March 26, 1942, off same host, 1 male. Vineyard Haven, April 16, 1942, off same host,
I female. West Tisbury, April 8, 1942, off same host, 1 male. (All collected by H. K. Gouck, Bishopp nos. 31127, 31115, 31129, 31124, 31128, and 31126 respectively.) Gay Head, December 15, 1941, 4 males, off same host (H. K. Gouck). Milton, October 26, 1941, 1 male, off Microtus p. pennsylvanicus. New Hampshire : Center Ossipee, 1 male, off same host; 2 males and 1 female, off same host; 1 female, off Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis. Dur- ham, 1 female, off Blarina brevicauda talpoides. Franklin, August, 1939, 1 female, off Scalopus aquations (V. G. Dethier). Vermont : Rutland, 1 male and 1 female, off Microtus p. pennsyl- vanicus.
21. Megabothris acerbus (Jordan). — Massachusetts: Har- vard, 2 males, off Tamias striatus lysteri. New Hampshire: Center Ossipee, 7 males and 5 females, off same host. Vermont : Rutland, May 23, 1941, 1 female, in nest of same host (F. L. Osgood).
22. Megabothris quir ini (Rothschild). — New Hampshire : Cen- ter Ossipee, 1 male, off Microtus p. pennsylvanicus ; August 31, 1941, 1 male, off Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis.
23. Megabothris vison (Baker). — Maine.- Bayville, 2 females, off Sciurus hudsonicus loquax. East Bine Hill, August, 1941,
II males and 17 females, off same host (V. G. Dethier). Blue Hill, August 30, 1941, 1 female, off same host; August 28, 1941,
1 female, off Tamias striatus lysteri (V. G. Dethier).
24. Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bose). — Maine: Blue Hill, August 28, 1941, 1 female, off Tamias striatus lysteri (V. G. Dethier). Massachusetts : Boston, 2 males, off domestic rats ; July 4, 1886,
2 females, off rats (Samuel Henshaw) ; 1 male, off man. Norwell, 1 male, off Rattus norvegicus. Barnstable, March 31, 1934, 2 females, off same host (D. Griffin). Wakefield, 1 female, off Microtus p. pennsylvanicus (E. E. Tyzzer). Westboro, 1 female, off same host.
Family Hystrichopsyllidge
25. Hystrichopsylla gigas tahavuana Jordan. — New Hamp- shire : Franklin, 1 female, off Scalopus aquaticus.
Mar., 1943]
Fuller: Fleas
9
Atyphloceras bishopi Jordan. No records of the occurrence of this species in New England are known to the writer. It has been collected off Blarina and Microtus in New York State and off Clethrionomys in West Virginia.
26. Stenoponiaamericana (Baker) . — Massachusetts : Martha ’s Vineyard, 1 female, off Microtus p. pennsylvanicus. Wellfleet, 1 male, off Scalopus aquaticus. Wareham, 1 male, off same host. Chilmark, March 26, 1942, off Microtus pennsylvanicus , 2 females (Bishopp no. 31124). Edgartown, March 25, 1942, off same host, 1 female (Bishopp no. 31123) ; and December 9, 1942, off same host, 4 males and 4 females. West Tisbnry, April 8, 1942, off same host, 1 male (Bishopp no. 31126). Gay Head, January 21, 1942, off same host, 1 male (Bishopp no. 31115) ; March 19, 1942, off same host, 4 males and 2 females (Bishopp no. 31120) ; April 17, 1942, off same host, 1 male (Bishopp no. 31129) ; April 10, 1942, off Peromyscus leucopus ssp., 1 male and 2 females (Bishopp no 31127). (All collected by H. K. Gouck.)
27. Peromyscopsylla hesperomys (Baker). — Massachusetts: Milton, October 19, 1941, 1 male and 1 female, off Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis ; October 26, 1941, 1 male and 2 females, off same host ; November 9, 1941, 2 males, off same host. New Hampshire : Center Ossipee, numerous specimens, off Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis. Vermont : Chittenden, 1 female, off Pipi- strellus subflavus obscurus.
28. Peromyscopsylla scotti I. Fox. — Massachusetts : Edgar- town, November 13, 1937, 1 male, off Peromyscus leucopus fusus ; October 29, 1937, 1 female (C. N. Smith). These specimens, of which the male is an allotype, are deposited in the United States National Museum. The writer has seen no additional material.
29. Peromyscopsylla catatina (Jordan). — Maine: Chimney Pond, Mt. Katahdin, 1 male, off Evotomys gapperi ssp, Massa- chusetts: Ashburnham, 1 male, off same host. Milton, October 19, 1941, 1 female, off Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis. New Hampshire : Center Ossipee, 1 female, off Blarina brevicauda tal- poides ; October 13, 1941, 1 female, off Sciurus hudsonicus loquax (W. F. Gimpel) ; September 29, 1940, 2 females, off Microtus p. pennsylvanicus ; September 1, 1941, 1 male, off Peromyscus manicidatus gracilis.
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[Vol. Ll
30. Ctenopsyllus segnis (Schonherr). — Massachusetts: Cam- bridge, 1 male, off mouse.
31. Nearctopsylla genalis (Baker). — Vermont: Sherburne, 1 female, off Clethrionomys gapperi ochraceus. Mendon, 2 females, off Mustela c. cicognani ; 1 female, off Glaucomys v. volans. Sax- tons River, 1 male, off same host.
32. Doratopsylla blarince C. Pox. — Connecticut: Rainbow, 1 female, off large short-tailed shrew. Massachusetts : Concord, 1 male and 1 female, off Blarina brevicauda talpoides. Milton, October 19, 1941, 2 males and 1 female, off same host ; November 9, 1941, 1 male and 2 females, off same host; October 19, 1941, 1 female, off Peromyscus leucopus novel) or acensis. Sagamore Beach, 2 males and 1 female, off Blarina brevidauda talpoides ; July 13, 1941, 1 male, off same host. Westboro, 1 female, off same host. New Hampshire: Center Ossipee, August 17, 1941, 1 male and 2 females, off Peromyscus manicidatus gracilis; numerous specimens, off Blarina brevicauda talpoides. Lake Chocorua, 1 male, off same host.- — Vermont: Rutland, 1 male, off same host. Saxtons River, 1 male and 1 female, off same host.
Doratopsylla curvata Rothschild. No records of the occurrence of this species in New England are known to the writer. It has been collected off Blarina in New York State.
33. Epitedia wenmanni (Rothschild). — Connecticut: Mount Carmel, 2 females, off mouse. Massachusetts: Barnstable, 1 male, off Battus n. norvegicus ; 1 female, off Peromyscus leucopus noveb or acensis. Milton, October 26, 1941, 1 male and 1 female, off same host ; November 9, 1941, 2 males, off same host ; 1 female, off Peromyscus manicidatus gracilis ; and 1 male, off Microtus p. pennsylvanicus. Penikese Island, 1 female, off same host. Wake- field, 1 female, off Blarina brevicauda talpoides. Westboro, 1 female, off Peromyscus leucopus noveb or acensis. Oak Bluffs, January 16, 1942, off cottontail rabbit, 1 female (H. K. Gouck and C. N. Smith, Bishopp no. 31113). Gay Head, March 19, 1942, off Microtus pennsylvanicus, 1 female (Bishopp no. 31120) ; March 19, 1942, off Peromyscus leucopus ssp., 2 females (Bishopp no. 31121) ; and April 10, 1942, off same host, 2 females (Bishopp no. 31127). (All collected by H. K. Gouck.) New Hampshire: Center Ossipee, 4 males, off Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis;
Mar., 1943]
Fuller: Fleas
11
1 female, off Peromyscus leucopus novel or acensis ; October 12, 1941, 1 female, off same host; October 12, 1941, 1 female, off Sciurus hudsonicus loquax. Vermont: Mendon, 1 female, off Mustela c. cicognani.
34. Epitedia faceta (Rothschild). — Massachusetts: The only New England record known to the writer is from Wilbraham, Massachusetts, # male and female, off Sciurus hudsonicus. These two specimens are in the N. C. Rothschild Collection, in the British Museum.
Epitedia testor (Rothschild). No records of the occurrence of this species in New England are known to the writer. It was described from a female holotype collected at Lansingburgh, near Troy, New York, taken from a nest, presumably a mouse’s. The male is not known as yet.
35. Tamiophila grandis (Rothschild). — Massachusetts: Mil- ton, October 19, 1941, 1 male, off Peromyscus leucopus novebora- censis. Petersham, 1 female, off Mustela n. novel or acensis. Sagamore Beach, 1 female, off Tamias striatus lysteri. New Hampshire : Center Ossipee, 4 females, off same host. Vermont .- Mendon, 2 females, off same host. Saxtons River, 2 males and 4 females, off domestic dog. The dog represents an accidental host.
36. Catallagia borealis Ewing. — Maine: The only New En- gland record of this species known to the writer is the type speci- men, a female, taken at Basin Pond, Mt. Katahdin, Maine, off Microtus p. pennsylvanicus. It is in the United States National Museum.
As is shown in a paper by the writer (1942b), C. onaga Jordan (New York State) is identical with this species, and is therefore a synonym of C. borealis.
Family Ischnopsyllidge
37. Myodopsylla insignis (Rothschild). — Connecticut: Kent, 8 males and 9 females, off bats. Canton Center, 5 females, off Myotis l. lucifugus. Massachusetts: Barnstable, December 17, 1933, 1 male, off same host (D. Griffin). Centerville, 1 male, off same host. Hatchville, numerous specimens, off same host, Mashpee, July 22, 1935, 2 males and 9 females, off same host (D.
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Griffin). Pittsfield, 7 males and 6 females, off same host. Wrentham, 1 male and 1 female, off same host. New Hampshire : Franklin, 2 males and 6 females, off same host. Vermont: Mt. Arolus, 1 female, off same host. Chittenden, 1 male, off Pipistrel- lus subflavus obscurus (F. L. Osgood) ; January 11, 1914, 1 female, off Myotis l. lucifugus (F. M. Allen).
SUMMARY
Of the thirty-seven species of fleas here listed from New England, five are reported for the first time in this paper : Becto- frontia fraterna, Ceratophyllus riparius, Orchopeas caedens, Hystrichopsylla gigas tahavuana, and Tamiophila grandis.
The following species, not yet reported from New England, possibly occur there: Conorhinopsylla stanfordi, Ceratophyllus celsus , Atyphloceras bishopi, Doratopsylla curvata, Epitedia testor.
Thus far there is only one record of Echidnophaga gallinacea from this region. The human flea, Pidex irritans , has been re- ported only rarely from New England.
Ctenocephalides felis is the flea commonly found on cats and dogs and infesting human dwellings. Ctenocephalides canis has been taken only rarely in New England.
Xenopsylla cheopis, an important species in the transmission of typhus and bubonic plague, where these diseases occur, has been found on rats in Boston and other Atlantic seaports. Nosopsyl- lus fasciatus, however, is by far the commonest rat-flea in the New England region.
EEFEEENCES
Fox, Carroll, and Sullivan, E. C. 1925. A comparative study of rat-flea data for several seaports of the United States. Public Health Ee- ports, 40, no. 37 : 1909-1934.
Fox, Irving. 1940. Fleas of Eastern United States, pp. i-vii + 1-191. Ames, Iowa.
Fuller, H. S. 1942a. Notes on a collection of Siphonaptera, mainly from Pennsylvania. Entomological News, 53 : 136-139.
. 1942b. Studies on Siphonaptera of eastern North America. Bul- letin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society. In press.
Trembly, H. L., and Bishopp, F. C. 1940. Distribution and hosts of some fleas of economic importance. Journal of Economic Entomology, 33, no. 4 : 701-703.
Mar., 1943]
Dillon: Monochamini
13
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON WESTERN HEMI- SPHERE MONOCHAMINI
By Lawrence S. Dillon and Elizabeth S. Dillon
Since the publication1 of the work on this tribe, the receipt of additional material has brought to light species not previously seen as well as new locality records and synonymy for forms already reported upon. Furthermore, various friends of the authors have pointed out some errors and oversights which need correction. It is to bring these matters to notice that this sup- plement is offered.
Thanks are due to Lionel Lacey for the loan of his material, to Henry Dietrich and Mont Cazier for the privilege of studying the collections respectively at Cornell University and at the American Museum of Natural History, and to Warren S. Fisher and Dr. E. Gorton Linsley for notations regarding genotype designations.
Taeniotes Serville
The type of this genus had been previously designated by Thomson, Systema Ceramb., 1864, p. 77, as Cerambyx ocellatus Oliv.
Taeniotes naevius Bates. A fine series of twenty-seven speci- mens in Lacey’s collection included fourteen from various locali- ties in Ecuador, as follows : Ecuador : 1 ; Bio Anzu, Oriente. 1 ; Puyo. 1 ; Tungurahua. 4 ; Zatzayacu, Oriente. 1 ; El Parti- dero. 2; Abitaqua, Oriente. 2; Balzapamba. 1; La Palmera. 1 ; Playse de Montelvo.
Taeniotes inquinatus Thomson. Ecuador : 5 ; El Partidero, March 4, 1936 (W. MacIntyre) [L. Lacey].
Taeniotes similis Dillon and Dillon. Inadvertently, the listing of the topotypic paratype in the authors’ collection was omitted in type-setting and the omission was not corrected in proofread- ing. New localities are listed here: Ecuador: §; Abitagua, Rio Pastaza, Oriente, Nov. 26, 1936 (W. MacIntyre) [L. Lacey]. Colombia: J*; no locality data (Felipe Ovalle) [A.M.N.H.].
1 Dillon, L. S., and E. S. Dillon. The Tribe Monochamini in the Western Hemisphere, Reading Public Museum Sci. Pub., No. 1, 1941.
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Taeniotes dentatus Dillon and Dillon. Ecuador : ; El Parti-
dero, Nov. 27, 1935 (W. MacIntyre) [L. Lacey].
Taeniotes praeclarus Bates. The correct spelling of the spe- cific name as found in the original description is as given above. Ecuador : § ; Abitagua, Oriente, Dec. 13, 1939 [L. Lacey] .
Taeniotes buckleyi Bates. This species, correctly, should be placed before luciani, but this relationship could not possibly have been garnered from Bates’ description.
Elongate-ovate, robust, subcylindrical ; elytra subconvex; dark brown or fuscous, covered with fine, short, grayish-brown pubes- cence and with yellow pubescence as follows : head with a narrow vitta from occiput to between antennal tubercles, slightly wider basally and apically, another behind each eye, widest at base, and a third rather narrow, outlining anterior margin of lower lobe of eye to behind base of mandibles ; pronotum with a rather narrow vitta medially, which is slightly wider on middle two- thirds and interrupted at middle • and below each lateral tubercle a slightly wider one gradually narrowing apically; scutellum broadly vittate; elytra each with two larger, oval maculae, one at middle and one at apical third, these on center of disk, apical fourth at center with a row of fine dots which are sometimes slightly coalescent, lateral margin with a row of very fine dots to apical fourth, remainder of disk with few scattered, very small or minute maculae, center of base of each elytron with a very short, narrow, yellow vitta. Beneath dark brown or fuscous, thinly clothed with fine, brownish-gray pubescence, laterally with a broken, yellow vitta on sterna, and on sternites rather large maculae laterally, which are gradually smaller apically; pro- sternum with a rather wide vitta just before each procoxa. An- tennae and legs dark brown, antennae somewhat lighter apically ; legs thinly clothed with brownish-gray pubescence and antennae with brownish pubescence. Head finely, densely punctate and with few coarse punctures which are frequently feebly rugose, a median impressed line from occiput to between antennal tuber- cles on front, thence carinate to epistoma; front rugosely-punc- tate; antennae nearly twice body length in male, only about one-third longer in female ; pronotum transverse, sides nearly straight; apex narrower than base; two basal and one apical
Mar., 1943]
Dillon: Monochamini
15
transverse sulci, apical one deep and nearly angulated at middle ; disk rugose, and with a small tubercle either side of median vitta just before internal basal sulcus ; lateral tubercles moderate, end- ing in a long, acute spine. Scutellum feebly elongate, sides straight, apex broadly rounded. Elytra with sides nearly straight, tapering to apex; apices rounded, near suture angu- lated ; at base tuberculate for only a very short space, then very deeply punctate, punctures finer and evanescent apically. Meso- sternum with a distinct rectangular tubercle; fifth sternite at apex with a long, acute spine either side, male feebly emarginate, female feebly emarginate and with a narrow, shallow, triangular impression to base.
Length: 22-26 mm.; width: 6.75-8.5 mm.
Distribution : Ecuador and Peru.
Peru: 1 .J1; La Merced, Chanchamayo [L. Lacey]. 2; Chan- chamayo, April, 1928 [A.M.N.H.]. 1 2; Abneudrillo, Dept. San
Martin, Nov. 14, 1936 [L. Lacey]. 1 2; Sani Beni, Yunin, Sept. 26, 1935 (P. Woytkowski) [L. Lacey].
Ecuador: 1 2; Tungurahua, May 23, 1939 (W. MacIntyre) [L. Lacey] .
Parataeniotes Dillon and Dillon, gen. nov.
In future listings, this should follow Taeniotes, which it resembles in the spined fifth abdominal sternite and in the form of the eye. It differs from it in the small, unarmed lateral tubercles of pronotum, which is more slender in form; pronotal disk transversely rugose at middle; and elytra without tubercles, its apices broadly dentate.
Medium to large, elongate-ovate, rather slender, subcylindrical ; black; some- what shining, with sparse, longish, fine pubescence, with vittae and maculae of white tomentum. Head sparsely, coarsely, rugosely punctate, punctures wide and shallow, almost foveate, with a fine carina from occiput to epistoma, stronger on front, front scabrose; antennal tubercles roughly scabrose. Eye with lower lobe transverse, large, two times genal height; upper lobe sub- equal in width to isthmus which is wide. Antennae two to two and one-half times body length in male, one and one-half to one and two-thirds its length in female, not fringed or only very feebly so beneath. Pronotum slightly elongate, sides feebly arcuate, narrower apically ; a feeble but distinct tubercle laterally just behind middle; three basal and two apical transverse sulci; disk strongly, transversely rugose at middle. Scutellum slightly transverse. Elytra with sides feebly arcuate to apices, which are acute and bluntly dentate at tip. Prosternum angulate; procoxal cavities narrowly open. Mesoster- num with a medium tubercle. Fifth sternite spined laterally in female and male. Legs in male very elongate ; protarsi in female and male only slightly fringed on all segments.
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Parataeniotes mimus Dillon and Dillon, spec. nov.
Superficially, this species resembles Taeniotes farinosus very closely in form and coloration. It is somewhat more slender, however, and the elytra lack larger maculae, and the pronotal median vitta is very fine.
Elongate-ovate, slender, subcylindrical ; black, with longish, sparse, fine white hairs, and with white tomentose markings as follows: head with seven very narrow vittae, one medially from occiput to between antennal tubercles, one either side of middle from base of head to and running a short distance along posterior margin of upper lobe of eye, these arcuate and nearly meeting medial vitta, a short one each side laterally from isthmus to base of head, and one either side of front outlining anterior margin of lower lobe of eye, from base of antennal tubercles to base of head almost to gula; pronotum with seven narrow vittae, one medially from base to apex, one either side of middle, above lateral tubercle, slightly arcuate and extending from outer apical to outer basal sulcus, one each side just below lateral tubercle, and one above procoxae short, only about one-third length of other vittae; scutellum with a median vitta, widest at base ; elytra with about five irregular rows of very small, round maculae, in sutural and fourth rows forming a sort of indistinct vitta on apical quarter; beneath black, all over slightly more densely covered with same pubescence as above, prosternum with a narrow, white vitta between procoxae, this not attaining apex and much broader basally; on the mesepi- sterna an oblique vitta along base and ending in a small, rounded macula on metepisterna ; epistoma with a short, oblique vitta not quite at base and a small macula at apex ; metasternum with a narrow, oblique vitta almost from mesocoxae and followed by a small, round dot ; sternites laterally with a small, round macula each side, on last sternite much elongate. Antennae with basal two segments piceous and very sparsely pubescent, third segment piceous basally and gradually becoming light reddish-brown at apex, remaining seg- ments light reddish-brown.
Head above coarsely, rugosely-punctate, punctures wide and shallow, en- tire surface more finely, sparsely punctate ; a very narrow median carina from occiput to epistoma ; front scabrose ; antennae with scape and basal half of third segment scabrose, only very slightly fringed underneath scape in both female and male. Pronotum slightly transverse, slightly rounded from base to apex; apex narrower than base; three basal and two apical transverse sulci, outer apical shallow, inner deep and very sharply curved at middle, almost angulate; two outer basal sulci shallow, inner deep and curved at middle; lateral tubercles small but distinct; disk at center rugosely-punctate, punc- tures very coarse, remainder of disk with small, scattered punctures. Scutel- lum slightly transverse, sides arcuate, apex subacute. Elytra with sides rounded to apices, which are acute and broadly dentate at tip ; humeri promi- nent; base, particularly around scutellum and on humeri, coarsely, rugosely punctate, remainder of elytra with coarse, sparse punctures each bearing a short, white hair and these punctures somewhat finer apically. Prosternum rounded, abruptly declivious behind procoxse ; mesosternum with broad, rather blunt tubercle in female and male; entire undersurface finely, moderately
Mar., 1943]
Dillon: Monochamini
17
punctate; fifth sternite in male and female truncate at tip, fringed and with a robust spine each side, a row of long, coarse, black hairs from each spine to base of fifth. Legs elongate in male, tarsi feebly fringed in both sexes, slightly more so in male.
Holotype : Male ; La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (Paul Mar- tin) [L. Lacey].
Allotype: Female; Hansa Humboldt, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Sept., 1940 (A. Mailer) [L. Lacey].
Paratype: Male; topotypic [L. Lacey].
Neopty diodes Dillon and Dillon
Neoptychodes candidus Bates. New localities : Canal Zone : 2 ; Barro Colorado, Feb. 8, 1936 (F. E. Lutz) [A.M.N.H.] . Costa Rico : 1 ; Reventazon [L. Lacey] .
Monochamus Guerin
The genotype was designated as Cerambyx sutor Linn., by John Curtis, British Entomology, vol. V, 1824r-39, p. 219.
Monochamus obtusus Casey. British Columbia: 2; Saanich, July 29, 1934, on Abies grandis (C. A. Hardy) [Victoria Prov. Mus.]. J; no locality data [L. Lacey].
Plagiohammus Dillon and Dillon
Plagiohammus elatus Bates. Previously this species was known only from Nicaragua and Panama. Ecuador : J' ; Mapoto, Rio Pastaza, 1300 m., Oct. 22, 1938 ( W. C. MacIntyre) [L. Lacey] .
Plagiohammus granulosus Bates. While this species was not seen before by the authors, the single example listed below was in too poor condition to redescribe here.
British Honduras: ,<?(?); Punta Gorda, April, 1936 (J. J. White) [L. Lacey].
Plagiohammus sticticus Bates. The remarks under the above species apply here also. Ecuador : 1 ; Zatzayuca, Oriente [L. Lacey] .
Plagiohammus imperator Thomson. A comparison by Dr. Linsley of a specimen of this species with his type of Deliathis albidus, verifies that the two are identical, his name falling then into synonymy.
r
18 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. li
Deliathis Thomson
Genotype designation, as Taeniotes buquetii Tasle, was made by Thomson, in Syst. Ceramb, 18(34, p. 77.
Deliathis quadritaeniator White. Costa Rica ; 1 ; Guapiles, Santa Clara [L. Lacey].
Goes Leconte
The genotype designation should be credited to Thomson (1864), rather than to Casey.
Goes fisheri Dillon and Dillon. Texas : $ ; no locality data [L. Lacey]. J1; Anhalt, Coma Co., June 28, 1917 [Corn. U.].
Mar., 1943]
Chen: Cicadas
19
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF CHINESE CICADAS WITH SYNONYMICAL AND NOMENCLA- TORIAL NOTES*
By Kan-fan Chen
University of Minnesota/ St. Paul, Minnesota
The Chinese species of the family Cicadidse have been described and named for the most part by European workers whose writings are scattered through a great number of publications. The Chi- nese species of this family were named and described earlier than other groups of Chinese insects. The first Chinese species was described by Linne and named Cicada repanda based on speci- mens from India. In 1773 Drury described a species from China which he called Cicada maculata, but did not give a definite locality, and in the same year De Geer described and named a third species, Cicada sanguinea. Many additional Chinese spe- cies were described subsequently by Fabricius (1775-1803), Olivier (1790), Westwood (1824), White (1844), Signoret (1849), Walker (1850 and 1858), Stal (1863-1870), Motschulsky (1866), Uhler (1861-1862) and Karsch (1894).
Most of the cicada material described by the earlier writers was made available through the incidental collecting of travelers and missionaries who failed to record definite locality data. Thus, many type locality names need confirmation because the collectors either transliterated Chinese names to English, German, French, etc., or in modern times the Chinese names have been changed, or only the name of the country “ China ” was given. This has caused considerable confusion and lack of knowledge regarding the geographical distribution of the cicadas recorded from China,
The most valuable cicada material available in museums is largely the result of organized collecting expeditions. The most important collectors who participated in these various expeditions are as follows :
* Selected portions of a thesis entitled ‘ ‘ A Contribution to the Knowledge of Chinese Cicadas, ’ ’ submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Minnesota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
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Potanin. C. N. Potanin started from Peiping the latter part of 1892 and proceeded to Tian-fu and from there crossed over the Tsinling mountains. He then visited Chengtu, Ya-an and Ta- tsien-lu, the present provincial capital of Sikang Province. From here he went northward to Changu, Fu-pien, Hung-kiao and Li- fan, all of which are in the northwest part of Szechwan Province. Here two of his fellow travelers were taken ill which necessitated his return to Peiping. On the return trip he collected at Shi- tsuan, Chang-ming and Pao-ning, all in the northern part of the Province of Szechwan. The material he collected on this trip was deposited in the Zoological Museum of Leningrad. Cf . Meli- char (1902).
Berezovski. M. Berezovski traveled from Peiping to Hui (= Wei) in southeastern Kansu Province. He remained there from March to December, 1892. From Wei he proceeded to Lung-an, Szechwan, to Chengtu, the provincial capital of Szech- wan and back to Lung-an. He remained near there at the village of Mu-kua-chi, District of Hotsingou, from April, 1893, to Janu- ary, 1894, and then returned to Peiping. His cicadas were de- posited in the Zoological Museum of Leningrad. Cf. Melichar (1902).
Kershaw. Wm. Kershaw collected in South China principally at Hanlik and Macao. His material was reported upon by Kirkaldy (1909).
Muir. F. Muir collected at Lu-fou-shan and Macao in Kwang- tung Province. Kirkaldy (1909) reported on his cicada material.
The Chinese cicadas reported upon in numerous papers by W. L. Distant came from many sources. Some of the collectors of the specimens he recorded are Horsfield, Bowring, Whitehead, Cros-Jean, David, Excoffier, Maw and the Chinese collector and taxidermist Tan Wang-wang. Haupt (1923) reported on the material collected by Walter Stotzner near Peiping and Western Szechwan. Schmidt’s (1920) material was collected by R. E. Mell. Schmidt (1933) also reported on the material collected by Dr. C. F. Wu of Yenching University. The Heude Museum, Shanghai, has had collectors for many years in the Provinces of Kiangsu, Chekiang and Anhwei. China (1925) reported on the material collected by Gregory in Yun-nan Province. Schumacher (1915) described the material collected by H. Sauter in Formosa.
Mar., 1943]
Chen: Cicadas
21
The writer, as an employee of the University of Nanking, undertook a collecting trip designed primarily for the collection of insects for the entomology museum at the University of Nan- king. The author departed from Nanking and collected along the Tientsin-Pukow railway line to Peiping returning by way of the Peiping-Hankow railway line to Chengchow. A whole sum- mer was spent at Tienmushan, Chekiang Province, and at Hwang- shan, Anhwei Province. In 1937, another trip was made to Southern Chekiang Province and Ruling, Kiangsi Province. In 1938, an opportunity arose to collect specimens in Szechwan Province. Along the northeastern border of this province there are high mountainous ranges, undulating inward from Tibet. On these high ranges the fauna is Palaearctic, while at their foot and on the plains the species are typically Oriental. The writer climbed to the Tibet border (6,000 feet in the valley) and lived in a Lama Temple for five weeks. During this trip, numerous specimens were added to the collection. In the same year, speci- mens were also extensively collected by colleagues at well-known Mt. Omei, 10,400 feet above sea level.
My study of the cicadas leads me to believe that the natural boundary separating the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions in China is the Yang-tsze River. Faunal studies of other groups of animals have led to different opinions. Along each side of the Yang-tsze River, there is a sort of “debatable land” where Palae- arctic and Oriental forms strive for supremacy. The Palaearctic part of China consists of two subregions, Manchurian and Si- berian. The dominant forms of cicadas in the Manchurian Sub- region are the species of Tibicen and a few species of Melampsalta and Tibicina. It is interesting to note that all these genera also occur in the Nearctic Region. One species of Melampsalta re- corded from the Balkans, and another species of the same genus recorded from Turkestan, are both present in Northern Szechwan. The cicada fauna of the Manchurian Subregion has a strong affinity with that of the Siberian and European Subregions on the one hand and with that of the Nearctic Region on the other. The Oriental fauna of China consists of a greater number of genera and species, which are gradually reduced in numbers as one pro- ceeds toward the north and east towards the Palaearctic Region
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and only a few species actually extend into the Manchurian Sub- region. This would seem to indicate that the Oriental cicada fauna in China is the result of the invasion from the Indo- Malayan Region. The Yang-tsze River is a more or less natural boundary between these two great Zoological Regions. This boun- dary extends westward along the Yang-tsze River through the Yang-tsze Gorge; it then leaves the River and turns northward along the southern slope of the Chungnanshan and Tsinling ranges to the border of the Tibet Plateau and then continues with the Himalayan mountains. I do not agree with those who suggest that the boundary extends along a certain degree of latitude.
The present paper includes descriptions of new genera, new species, synonymical notes and nomenclatorial changes. The com- plete thesis treating all the species available for study and con- taining extensive data on geographical distribution is on file in the library of the University of Minnesota.
This study was carried out under the supervision of Dr. C. E. Mickel and the writer wishes to express sincere thanks for his valuable suggestions and criticism. Thanks are also due to Dr. H. S. Chen of the National Institute of Zoology and Botany, Academia Sinica, Nanking, for presenting me with the specimens from Kwangsi and Kweichow Provinces. Dr. We-i Yang and Mr. A. S. Chao of the Pan Memorial Biological Institute, Peiping, sent me a collection from Hainan, Kwangtung Province, and Chungnanshan, Shensi Province. In 1938, Prof. Y. Chou of the North Western Agriculture College collected for three months in Sikang Province (eastern Tibet). He was kind enough to turn over to me all the cicada specimens collected during his trip. I would like to mention those who assisted in the building of the University of Nanking cicada collection : Messrs. C. S. Tsi and S. 0. Hsia of the Division of Entomology, University of Nanking ; Dr. Y. D. Feng, Nankai University, Tientsin, Manchurian collec- tion; Mr. C. Y. Liu, Kwangsi University, Liuchow, Kwangsi specimens; Chekiang Bureau of Entomology, Hangchow; Ki- angsu Bureau of Entomology, Nanking ; Mr. K. P. Chu, Kwang- tung Provincial Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry, Kwangtung specimens; Mr. K. R. Wang, Sun Yat-son University, Canton, Canton specimens ; Mr. C. C. Tao, Shantung University, Tsingtao
Mar., 1943]
Chen: Cicadas
23
specimens; Mr. I. F. Yang, Bureau of Reconstruction, Foochow, Fukien specimens ; Father P. 0. Piel, the Director of the Heude Museum, Shanghai, Kuling specimens.
Dundubia vaginata Fabr.
1754. Cicada mannifera Linne, Mus. Ad. Frid. : 84.
1787. Tettigonia vaginata Fabricius, Mant. Ins. 2: 266 (Su- matra ) .
1850. Dundubia immacida Walker, List Homop. 1 : 50 (Tenas- serim).
1850. Dundubia nigrimacula Walker, List Homop. 1: 63 (Java). 1850. Dundubia sobria Walker, List Homop. 1 : 63 (Hong-Kong) . 1850. Dundubia varians Walker, List Homop. 1 : 48 (New Hol- land).
1867. Fidicina confinis Walker, J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 10 : 92.
1923. Dundubia vaginata Moulton, J. Fed. Mai. Sta. Mus. 11 (2) : 63 (Malaysia, India, China, North Australia).
1933. Dundubia mannif era Schmidt, Pek. N. H. Soc. Bull. 7 : 124 (Canton).
1940. Dundubia mannifera Liu, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 87 : 88, pi. 5, f. 25.
This species was first recorded as Cicada mannifera in 1754 by Linne. Stal (1866) found out that it was the same species as Fabricius’ Tettigonia vaginata. Moulton (1923) pointed out that mannifera was a prelinnean name and was not subsequently re- corded by Linne in his other writings, so D. mannifera L. should be changed to D. vaginata Fabr. Although, in 1764, Linne men- tioned Cicada mannifera as a synonym of Cicada tibicen from Surinam and Carolina, this does not validate the name.
Genus Platylomia Stal
Genotype : Cicada flavida Guerin. Monobasic. Platylomia 1870. Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. : 708, note.
1905. Distant, A. M. N. H. (7) 15 : 65.
1923. Moulton, J. Fed. Mai. Sta. Mus. 11 (2) : 97. Stal proposed the genus Platylomia and included the single spe- cies Dundubia flavida Guerin. According to the rules of Zoologi- cal Nomenclature, a genus proposed to include a single species
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must take that species as genotype. Distant used Stal’s name and redescribed the genus, stating that the characters given by Stal cannot be accepted because they refer to Guerin’s figure and can- not be found in the species. Distant designated another species Tettigonia spinosa Fabr. as the genotype of Platylomia, but his designation cannot be accepted because of the above rule. Dis- tant stated that flavida Guerin and spinosa Fabr. are congeneric, therefore the recognition of flavida Guerin as the correct genotype does not affect Distant’s concept of the genus Platylomia.
According to Distant, this genus includes those species having the head (including the eyes) about as wide or little wider than the base of the mesonotum and almost as long as the breadth be- tween eyes. He put this genus in a group possessing the length of head equal to the breadth between the eyes. Moulton pointed out that the head of P. flavida is distinctly shorter than the breadth between the eyes. This is also true of all the Chinese species in the genus.
Tibicen slocumi sp. nov. (Fig. 1)
Male. Head deflected anteriorly, much shorter than space between the eyes, including the eyes wider than the base of mesonotum. Front promi- nently produced ; front and anterior lateral angles of vertex not continuous ; front ochraceous, a subquadrangular spot at each side black. Vertex ochra- ceous, a trapezoidal spot with the sides diverging posteriorly, a lateral broad band between it and the eyes, and the area posterior to eyes, black. Eyes yellowish brown, projecting beyond the anterior margin of pronotum. Ocelli about twice the distance apart from eyes as from each other.
Pronotum a little longer than the head, and shorter than the mesonotum (excluding cruciform elevation), its lateral margins ampliated; pronotum ochraceous, two narrow, median, linear, longitudinal fasciae much widened laterally at the anterior ends, and terminating posteriorly in a circular spot, all black. Lines between the disk and the lateral and posterior marginal areas, black.
Mesonotum black, with a central w-shaped spot and with lateral, longi- tudinal, marginal fasciae, greenish ochraceous; a black spot at the center of the cruciform elevation.
Abdomen above black, with a series of oblique, whitish spots on each side of the abdominal segments. Lateral fourths of tympanal coverings greenish ochraceous. Eighth tergite longer medially than the two preceding ones. Ninth tergite prolonged behind to form a pair of angular projections. Anal tergite shining black with an ochraceous spot at the posterior margin.
Tegmina and wings hyaline. Tegmina with the costal membrane and
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basal cell greenish ochraceous; basal cell about twice as long as wide, in- fuscated; veins inside the almost obsolete nodal line greenish ochraceous, the outer part of the veins piceous, the vein in front of the basal cell also piceous ; the cross veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth and seventh apical areas infuscated. Wings with veins of the basal half ochraceous, the apical half piceous. The extreme base of tegmina and wings ochraceously sanguineous; margins of claval area of wings semi-opaque.
Body beneath ochraceous, covered with thickly greyish pile. Antennas, transverse striations to face, the broad fascia between eyes and face, areas adjacent to eyes, disks of lora, lateral depressed areas of clypeus, mesopleura, metepisternum, lower surface of coxas and apex of rostrum, all black. Two strong spines on front femora and small spines on hind tibiae, castaneous, the hind spine of the front femora not erect, but closely appressed against the surface of femora, the apical spine projecting outwardly. Opercula reaching the hind margin of the second sternite; lateral margins straight, strongly turned upward; posterior margins convexly rounded and slightly overlapping at their inner margins; color ochraceous.
Abdomen beneath brownish black, the second sternite, the posterior margin of third to sixth sternites ochraceous. Subgenital plate ochraceous with a transverse black fascia on the anterior portion, its length equal to the three preceding segments, posterior half somewhat transversely wrinkled, posterior margin more or less truncate. Hypandrium as long as subgenital plate, ochraceous in color, longitudinally convex, the posterior margin broadly rounded. Spiracles adorned with white powder.
Length of body, 35 mm.; expansion of tegmina, 96 mm.
Holotype : male, Lifan, Szechwan Province, China, August 20, 1939 (Chen), in collection of the University of Nanking.
Allotype : female, larger ; anal tergite longer medially than the two preceding segments, posteriorly produced into a strong spine. Genital plate about twice as broad as long, posterior margin deeply cleft medially.
Length of body, 38 mm. ; expansion of tegmina, 102 mm.
Allotype : female, Lifan, Szechwan Province, China, August 20, 1939 (Chen), in collection of the University of Nanking.
Paratypes: four males and one female collected at the same place and on the same date with the holotype by Chen ; length of male paratypes varies from 33.5 to 37.5 mm. ; expansion of teg- mina, 89 to 98 mm. Length of the female paratype is 35 mm. ; expansion of tegmina 100 mm. One male paratype is deposited in the National Institute of Zoology and Botany, Academia Sinica, Nanking, China. One male paratype is deposited in the Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, University
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of Minnesota, U. S. A. The rest are in the collection of the Uni- versity of Nanking.
This species is closely allied to sinensis Distant, but it differs by the larger size, infnseation of the fifth and seventh apical areas, absence of the black band across the posterior margin of the pro- notum, and the color of the venation of the tegmina.
Fig. 1. Tegmen and hind wing of Tibicen slocumi sp. nov.
Tibicen tsaopaonensis sp. nov. (PI. I, Fig. 1)
This species in general appearance is very closely related to T. sinensis Distant. The markings of the body are similar to the latter. The char- acters which separate it from T. sinensis are as follows :
1. The hypandrium of the new species equal in length to the subgenital plate, that of sinensis longer than the latter.
2. The greatest width of the subgenital plate in tsaopaonensis longer than the length of thei four preceding abdominal sternites, while in sinensis it is equal only to the length of the four preceding sternites.
3. The eighth tergite in this species longer than the sixth and seventh tergites together; in sinensis the length of the eighth tergite is equal to the length of the sixth and seventh tergites.
4. A wide zigzag infuscated band coincides with the bases of apical areas across the tegmen, only broken at the base of the sixth apical area. In sinensis only the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated.
5. On the tegmen, a small areole is separated from the apex of the radial area, while this is absent in sinensis.
6. In tsaopaonensis, the apical portion of the basal cell is blackish and the claval area of wings strongly infuscated, while in sinensis the basal cell is uni- form in color throughout and the claval area of wings only very slightly infuscated. *
7. In this species both the fore and hind wings are slightly, obscurely in- fuscated and the veins are darker in color. In sinensis they are hyaline and the color of veins is lighter.
8. The abdomen is dull black, and one pair of whitish oblique pubescent dots on the lateral sides of only the first abdominal tergite. The posterior margin of eighth tergite is yellowish. In sinensis, there is a pair of whitish pubescent dots on each of the tergites. The posterior margin of the eighth tergite concolor ous.
9. The species is larger in size than sinensis.
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Holotype : male, Tsaopao, Western Szechwan Province, China, August 9, 1938 (Chen), in the collection of the University of Nanking.
Chremistica nana sp. nov. (PL II, Fig. 9)
Male. Body above ochraceous. Head including eyes wider than the base of the mesonotum. Length of the head scarcely more than half the breadth between the eyes. Front and the anterior and lateral angles of vertex con- tinuous. Front and vertex medially and longitudinally sulcate. A continu- ous, broad, black fascia across the anterior portion of front, and the anterior and lateral margins of vertex. Eyes obliquely porrect ; color fuscous. Ocelli about twice the distance from eyes as from each other, color pinkish red.
Pronotum longer than head, much shorter than the mesonotum (excluding cruciform elevation), its width more than two times its length, deflected anteriorly. Pronotum with incisures; mesonotum with faint obconical spots on its disk, and the lateral triangular markings faintly castaneous.
Abdomen equal to the length of the head and thorax together, attenuated posteriorly with the posterior segmental margins brownish ochraceous. Anal tergite produced posteriorly into a strong spine, its posterior margin deeply concave laterally. The first three abdominal segments much shorter than the following segments. Eighth tergite medially equal to the sixth and seventh tergites together. Width of fifth tergite equal to the length of the first four tergites together.
Tegmina and wings hyaline. The width of the tegmina about one-third its length. Venation ochraceous on the basal half, fuscous on the apical half. Tegmina with nine apical areas; wings with six apical areas.
Body beneath and legs, pale ochraceous, yellowish pilose, covered with whitish powder. Apex of the rostrum, and claws, piceous. Three spines be- neath the front femora, two near the distal part, and one near the base. The most distal one is very small. Opercula about half the length of the abdomen, with the disk slightly convex, yellowish pubescent and covered with white powder ; outer margins of opercula almost straight and obliquely slant- ing inward, leaving the tympanal orifices laterally exposed, the inner margins sinuate near the basal fourth and nearly overlapping throughout, the posterior margin convexly rounded. Rostrum exceeding intermediate coxae. Coxal thorn thin, concave on the ventral surface, curved inwardly and reaching the basal third of the operculum. The subgenital plate depressed immediately near the base, its length equal to the two preceding sternites. Hypandrium longer than subgenital plate, globose, projecting beyond the anal tergite. The posterior margin of the subgenital plate slightly emarginate.
Length of body, 18 mm. ; expansion of tegmina, 58 mm.
Female smaller than the male. The tegmina with eight apical areas, the extreme base lightly ferruginous. Two linear fuscous fasciae on the disk of mesonotum. The posterior margin of genital plate deeply concave.
Holotype, male; allotype, female, Hainan, South China, April
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5, 1934. Holotype in Fan Memorial Biological Institute, Peiping ; allotype in the University of Nanking.
This species is closely allied to Walker’s ochracea. The size is much smaller than ochracea. A strong spine is not formed in ochracea. The hypandrium is longer than the subgenital plate, but it is shorter than the subgenital plate in ochracea. The abdo- men in this species is attenuated, the width of the fifth abdominal segment being equal to the length of the first four abdominal seg- ments. In ochracea, the abdomen is more or less parallel before the sixth segment, so that the width of the fifth tergite equals the combined length of the first five abdominal segments. The opercula of nana just about reaches the middle of the abdomen. They are distinctly more than half the length of the abdomen, and the tympanal orifices are entirely covered by the opercula in ochracea. The abdominal sternites are flat in Walker’s species, while they are convex in nana.
All the other species in the Oriental Region are large ; C. nana is the smallest species known.
Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius
1775. Tettigonia atrata Fabricius, Syst. Ent. : 681, (14) (China). 1787. Tettigonia pustulata Fabricius, Mant. Ins. 2: 266, (11) (America meridionali).
1790. Cicada nigra Olivier, Enc. Meth. 5: 749 (Chine).
1850. Fidicina hobo Walker, List Homop. 1 : 82 (Hong-Kong). 1927. Cryptotympana santoshonis Matsumura, Ins. Matsum. 2 : 49 (Santosho).
1932. Cryptotympana pustidata Kato, Mon. Cicad. : 57 (China,
Formosa, Malay Archipelago).
1933. Cryptotympana pustidata Schmidt, Pek. N. H. Soc. Bull.
7: 122 (Canton, Peiping, Lushan, Longtschin, Formosa, Hong-Kong).
1938. Cryptotympana pustulata Ouchi, J. Shang. Sci. Inst. (3)
4: 82.
1939. Cryptotympana pustidata Liu, Not. D’ent. Chin. 6 (9) : 153.
Cryptotympana santoshonis Liu, Bull. Comp. Zool. Harv. 87: 81.
1940.
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This species was first named by Fabricius in 1775, in his first publication, Systema Entomologiae. On page 681 Fabricins de- scribed: Tettigonia atrata (14). “T. atra, alis albis, basi nigris;
venis testaceis. Habitat in China. Gannerus. Magnitudo prae- cedentium: tota, abdominis margine, inprimis nltimi segmenti, testaceo. Alae omnes albidae, basi nigrae, venis testaceis. ’ ’
In 1787, Fabricius on p. 267 of Mantissa Insectorum exactly repeated, “atrata 22. T. atra, alis albis, basi nigris; venis testa- ceis/’ and described another species, Tettigonia pustulata, habitat in America meridionali. Later both Olivier and Germar treated them as two species. These two names were proved to be one species by Distant (1891), but he incorrectly gave pustulata priority and considered atrata as being a synonym of pustulata. After that atrata disappeared from the publications of Distant, Matsumura, Jacobi, Schmidt, Moulton, China, Kato and Liu. Apparently atrata is a valid name and pustulata is a synonym of atrata.
Cryptotympana atrata var. castanea Liu
1940. Cryptotympana pustulata var. castanea Liu, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 87 : 82.
Cryptotympana atrata var. fukienensis Liu
1940. Cryptotympana pustulata var. fukienensis Liu, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 87 : 82.
Platypleura kaempferi Fabricius 1794. Tettigonia kaempferi Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 4: 23 (25) (Japonia).
1940. Platypleura retracta Liu, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 87 : 74, pi. I, f. 3 (Mt. Omei).
Recently Liu described a new species from Mt. Omei. I can not find any structural difference such as Dr. Liu pointed out. His most important character, that the anal tergite is retracted, is also true for P. kaempferi. In the long series in our collection, P. kaempferi shows a great variation in color, size, spots on the fore wings, powdery adornments and pilosity.
Platypleura coelebs Stal
1863. Platypleura ccelels Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 1: 573 (India Orient).
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Distant recorded this species from Chusan, in 1889, on the basis of a specimen found in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. The Heude Museum made several collections on that Island, but not one specimen was collected, and there is no record from any other part of China. The occurrence in Chusan needs confirmation. It may possibly be found on some of the Pacific Islands.
Platypleura semusta Distant
1887. Pcecilopsaltria semusta Distant, A. M. N. H. (5) 20: 227 (Chusan).
This is a tiny species described by Distant based on a single specimen from Chusan deposited in the Indian Museum. No specimens other than the type are known and the type locality is doubtful as in the case of P. coelebs.
Suisha coreana Matsumura
1927. Pycna coreana Matsumura, Ins. Mats. 2: 46, pi. 2, f. 1 (Corea) .
1939. Pycna repanda Liu, Not. D’ent. Chin. 6 (9) : 150 (Hang- chow) (nec. Linne).
The specimens in the Heude Museum, Shanghai, were incor- rectly named by Liu as Pycna repanda L. Suisha coreana is common in Hangchow, Hashing, Nanking and westward to Chengtu, while Pycna repanda L. is an Indian species. Whether the latter extends to Hangchow or not I do not know. However, I did not collect P. repanda in Hangchow and up to the present time there are no specimens in the collection of the Bureau of Entomology, Hangchow. Liu (1939) indicated the possibility that his determination Pycna repanda, Hangchow, might prove to be Suisha coreana.
The adults appear very late and sing in the fall. The writer noticed the adults in Nanking and Chengtu ; they are wiped out by the first frost. In Nanking, adults could be collected from September 10 to November 3. In Chengtu, it is warmer; there S. coreana can persist as late as December 31.
Pycna repanda Linne
1758. Cicada repanda Linne, Syst. Nat. Reg. Anim. 10th ed. : 436 (India).
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Pycna repanda is a common species in N. India. It is not pres- ent in Eastern China and Japan. Haupt first recorded the spe- cies in Szechwan Province. This species almost always inhabits high mountains about 6,000 feet. At Mt. Omei and Wenchwan, the males continue to sing in the rainy and foggy weather. Mr. C. S. Tsi collected three specimens in the lantern trap at Kewlao- tung about 8,000 feet up on Mt. Omei. Specimens in our collec- tion are from Mt. Omei, Tsapao (Szechwan Province), Tanpa, Tsalou (Sikang Province), from July 25 to October 18.
Polyneura ducalis Westwood
1842. Polyneura ducalis Westwood, Arc. Ent. 1: 92, t. 24, f. 2 (East Indies).
This large, greenish insect lives on the leaves at the top of trees. A loud sound produced by the male when sitting on the tree and on the wing attracts our attention. They are found at an eleva- tion of 7,000 feet .to 8,000 feet on the high mountains in Szechwan and Sikang Provinces. The writer collected specimens from Tsaopao, Western Szechwan. Haupt ’s record from Omisien
(=Mt. Omei) needs confirmation, for we were in Mt. Omei for three months but did not hear its song. One male from Tachow, Sikang Province, was presented by Dr. Y. Chou.
Gaeana maculata var. consors Distant
? Gceana consors White, manuscript name.
1850. Gceana consors Walker, List Homop. : 253, nomen nudum. 1892. Gceana maculata var. consors Distant (nec. White), Mon. Or. Cicad. : 105, t. 3, f. 20 (India, Burma).
White’s Gceana consors is a manuscript name. Although Walker (1850) listed consors and cited Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, the name was never published by White. The first published descrip- tion of consors is by Distant (1892) and the name must be credited to him.
Sinopsaltria gen. nov.
Head including the eyes as wide as the base of the mesonotum; length of head shorter than the space between the eyes; ocelli less than twice the dis- tance from the eyes as from each other; front prominent, deflected anteriorly. Pronotum a little longer than the head and shorter than the mesonotum (ex- cluding basal cruciform elevation), with the lateral margins more or less
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laminately expanded, but not toothed, its posterior lateral angles lobately produced. Abdomen in male longer than the space between the apex of the head and the base of the cruciform elevation; tympanal coverings rudimen- tary, both shorter and narrower than the tympana, leaving the greater part of the tympana exposed. Face globose, with obsolete striations. Front femora spiny beneath. Metasternum elevated at the middle with a posterior process directed backward. Opercula short, widely separated. Tegmina and wings opaque, the former elliptical ovate in shape, the length about three times their breadth; ambient vein close to the margin; apical areas eight in number, long and narrow; length of basal cell more than two times its breadth ; wings with six apical areas, the claval area greatly expanded. Rostrum exceeding the intermediate coxae.
The systematic position of the genus Sinopsaltria is between Balinta and Formotosena. This genus, in general, resembles Tosena Amyot et Serville; however, it can easily be separated from the latter by the rudimentary tympanal coverings. It is also close to Formotosena Kato, but the lateral margins of the pronotum are not toothed, the tegmina are elongate, and more or less elliptical ovate in outline, and the ambient vein is very close to the margin.
Genotype : Sinopsaltria bifasciata sp. nov.
Distribution : Kweichow Province, Western China.
Sinopsaltria bifasciata sp. nov. (PI. I, Fig. 2)
Male. Body black. Eyes brownish ochraceous ; ocelli pinkish. Pronotum with the anterior margin turned up to form a narrow elevated band which is testaceous laterally ; the lateral margins and posterior lateral lobes, neutral orange (Seguy). Mesonotum with the lateral oblique depressed areas brown- ish black; abdomen above grape black in color, with the posterior segmental margins shining black; tympanal coverings concolorous, rudimentary, con- vexly rounded anteriorly; tympana largely exposed. Eighth tergite a little longer than the seventh, with the posterior margin broadly rounded. The anal tergite laterally appendiculate.
Tegmina and wings opaque, fuscous, except the tegmina with the extreme base, including basal cell, costal area, costal vein, anterior margin of radial area, claval area, a broad fascia across the tegmen from the apical portion of the radial area to the hind margin, and the basal half of the wing, neutral orange; veins piceous, margined with greyish black, the latter diffusing grad- ually; second apical area of tegmen very short, about half the length of the first ulnar area; apical areas three to eight very long.
Front very convex, shining black, only very slightly striated; rostrum ex- ceeding intermediate coxae; two well-developed spines on the front femora, the basal one at the middle of the femora, large, not erect, lying in apposition with the femora; opercula widely separated, short, not reaching the posterior
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margin of the second segment, not covering the tympana laterally, the outer margin of the opercula convex, the posterior margin broadly rounded, the inner margin obtusely angulated.
Abdomen beneath raisin black in color, darker toward the apex, medially and longitudinally keeled; subgenital plate wider than long, the posterior third projecting convexly, the posterior margin emarginate medially. Hypan- drium longer than the subgenital plate.
Length of body : 32 mm. ; expansion of tegmina : 90 mm.
Female. Abdomen short, about as long as the head and thorax together, very convex above, more or less compressed. Anal tergite as long as eighth tergite. The genital plate lengthened at the central portion but emarginate at its tip.
Length of body : 24 mm. ; expansion of tegmina : 88 mm.
Holotype. Male, Kweiting, Kweichow Province, China, June 30, 1930, in the National Institute of Zoology and Botany, Acade- mia Sinica.
Allotype. Female, Kweiting, Kweichow Province, China, June 29, 1930, in the University of Nanking, presented by Dr. S. H. Chen, Academia Sinica.
Leptosemia huasipana sp. nov. (PI. II, Fig. 6)
Male. Head shorter than the space between the eyes, including the eyes as broad as the mesonotum. Color olivaceous. Vertex with a large spot in the ocellar area which is forked posteriorly, a broad lateral fascia curved posteriorly, and a crescent fascia next to eyes, black. The anterior margins of the vertex widened laterally and an oblong spot on the apex of the front, ochraceous. A longitudinal sulcation behind the median ocellus. Eyes ochra- ceous. Ocelli pinkish red.
Pronotum longer than the head, obliquely depressed anteriorly, lateral margins slightly ampliate. Color olivaceous, with two central longitudinal fasciae, much widened near the anterior end and united at the posterior end, lateral margins of the inner area, incisures, and two transverse spots on the posterior lateral lobe, black.
Mesonotum about as long as the head and pronotum together. Color olivaceous. A central linear, longitudinal fascia extending posteriorly to the disk of the cruciform elevation. Three paired black markings lying in appo- sition on each side of the central linear markings, the innermost pair short and curved inwardly; lateral to the latter is a pair of very short triangular spots, and the outermost pair somewhat L-shaped ; all these black fasciae aris- ing from the anterior margin and margined on both sides by ochraceous. Two black round spots in front of the anterior angles of the cruciform elevation, the latter olivaceous green.
Abdomen much longer than the head and thorax together, greenish olivace- ous, somewhat pilose. Tympanal flaps narrower than the orifices, ochraceous.
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Posterior segmental margins testaceous; a longitudinal black stripe on the middle of the second tergite and anterior part of the third tergite; a series of fuscous spots darkened and enlarged one after another on the lateral mar- gins of the abdominal tergites. The eighth tergite abruptly narrowed, black, a little longer than the seventh. Anal tergite compressed, posteriorly angu- larly produced on each side.
Tegmina and wings hyaline, the former with the length about three times its breadth. Tegmina with the venation olivaceous; longitudinal veins of apical part fuscous. Bases of second, third, fifth and seventh apical areas, one spot near the apex of each longitudinal vein, and the outer marginal area infuscated. A slight longitudinal infuscation in the middle of the third, fourth and fifth apical areas. Second apical area shorter than half the length of the first. Wings with the venation fuscous, except the anterior marginal vein of the fourth ulnar area greenish, the anterior margin of the claval area and the outer marginal area of the wing infuscated. The clavus of tegmina and wings greyish.
Body beneath olivaceous green, greyish pilose. The transverse spot be- tween the eyes and face, striations, and an oblong spot on the center of face, cheeks, lateral areas of clypeus, apex of rostrum, all black. A small spot at the base of the front coxae^ the apices of the front, middle and hind femora, bases and apices of tibiae, the tarsi and claws fuscous. Rostrum exceeding the hind coxae.
Opercula widely separate, small, not covering the orifices posteriorly, con- vex outwardly, and rounded posteriorly, obtusely angulated inwardly. Color greenish olivaceous, the lateral margins narrowly fuscous.
Abdomen beneath semi-transparent, ochraceous, except testaceous towards the apex. Spiracles covered with white powder. Subgenital plate broad, more than two times its length ; posterior fifth inflected downward ; the pos- terior margin broadly rounded. Hypandrium longer than the subgenital plate. Length of subgenital plate and hypandrium much longer than the two preceding sternites.
Length of body: 28 mm.; expansion of tegmina: 70 mm.
Female. Smaller, the abdomen much shorter than that of the male; the greenish tinge is obscure ; the genital plate is longer at the middle.
Length of body: 22 mm.; expansion of tegmina: 72 mm.
Holotype : male, Chengtu, Szechwan Province, China, June 25, 1938 (Chen).
Allotype: female, same locality, June 28, 1938 (Chen). Types in the collection of the University of Nanking.
Paratypes : four males, one female, same locality, June 1 to 25, 1938 (Chen). Paratypes deposited in the University of Nan- king; the National Institute of Zoology and Botany, Academia Sinica ; and the University of Minnesota, U. S. A.
This species is the largest known in this genus. It is allied
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with L. takanonis Matsum. from the same province (without definite locality), lives in the same habitat, and adults appear almost at the same time. L. huasipana has a cylindrical abdo- men, quite distinct from the tapering abdomen of L. takanonis. The posterior margin of the subgenital plate in takanonis is slightly indented ; it is entire and not indented in huasipana. The former has the combined length of the subgenital plate and hy- pandrium slightly longer than the two preceding sternites; the latter has it much longer than the two preceding sternites.
The females of these two species are easily distinguishable by their genital plates. In huasipana, it is wider and has the same depth near the central and near the lateral positions (PI. II, Fig. 7). In takanonis, it is narrower and has its greatest depth near the central portion (PI. II, Fig. 8).
Mogannia cyanea Walker
1858. Mogannia cyanea Walker, List Homop. Suppl. 40 (N. China).
1938. Mogannia chekiangensis Ouchi, J. Shang. Sci. Inst. (3) 4: 97 (Tienmushan).
There is no definite locality for the type specimen, which was collected by Fortune from Northern China. The specimens in the Heude Museum were determined by Kato and were collected at Tiempushan. Ouchi described this as a new species from the same locality. In the collection at the University of Nanking there are three male and two female specimens collected by the writer, also from Tienmushan.
Huechys sanguinea De Geer
1773. Cicada sanguinea De Geer, Mem. 3: 221, (18), pi. 33, f. 17 (Chine).
1775. Tettigonia sanguinolenta Fabricius, Syst. Ent. : 681 (15) (China).
1924. Huechys ( Huechys ) quadrispinosa Haupt, Dent. Ent. Zeits. : 220 (Annam, Sikkim, Sumatra).
Haupt (1924) wrote that the Chinese medical insect H. san- guinea De Geer was mononymically named “the Sanguinea” by De Geer. He cited the translation of De Geer’s work by Goeze
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Journal New York Entomological Society
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(1778) in Ent. Beitrage, Bd. ii, p. 150, 9, as being the first to use the combination Cicada sanguinea. Fabricius described the same species (1775) and named it Tettigonia sanguinolenta, from China. I quote here De Geer’s original description (1773) Mem. pour serv. a l’hist. des ins., Tom. iii 5e, 221 (18), “Cicada (san- guinea) alis superioribus fuscis, fronte abdomine thoracisque maculis binis sanguineis,” with a detailed description in a long paragraph. I therefore maintain that this species should be credited to De Geer.
Huechys philaemata Fabricius
1788. (La cigale chinoise a Taches rouge de sang) Stoll, Cicaden : 3, f. 26 (Chine).
1803. Tettigonia philcemata Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng. 42 (47) (China).
1892. Huechys sanguinea var. philcemata Distant, Mon. Or. Cicad. : 112, t. 3, f. 5 (China, Burma).
Stoll in 1778 described and figured a Chinese insect without a valid name. He called it “La cigale Chinoise a Taches Rouge de Sang.”
Fabricius 1788 described and figured a new species, Tettigonia philcemata. “T. nigra fronte, scutello utrinque abdomineque sanguineis, alis fusco diaphanis. Habitat in China.” “alis fusco diaphanis” distinctly differs from H. sanguinolenta, which Fabricius wrote “alis nigris. ” This character is very constant. Distant, Kato and Liu treated Fabricius’ philcemata as a variety of sanguinea, but it seems fairly reasonable to raise it to specific rank.
Hea fasciata Distant
1906. Hea fasciata Distant, Entom. 39: 122 (China).
1938. Kinoshitaia sinensis Ouchi, J. Shang. Sci. Inst. (3) 4: 107 (Tienmushan, Hungshan).
Distant described this species on the basis of a specimen from China without definite locality. He obtained it at the sale of the collection of Mr. R. Cholmondeley. The description was pub- lished in 1906, but it was too late to be listed in his catalogue. No one mentioned this species afterwards. In 1936 the writer made a collecting trip to Tienmushan, Chekiang Province and met
Mar., 1943]
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Father P. O. Piel, the Director of the Heude Museum, Shanghai. He told me about a remarkable cicada collected at Ruling, Kiangsi Province ; a robber fly had captured a cicada and Father Piel collected both. It stimulated me to try to collect this species at Hwangshan and Ruling, but in vain. In July, 1940, an English Entomologist, Mrs. Richardson, collected one male speci- men at Ruanhsien, Western Szechwan Province. She was kind enough to present this specimen to our collection. When I vis- ited the Heude Museum, Shanghai, in 1940 I examined the cicada specimens. It was found that this remarkable species had also been described by Ouchi as Kinoshitaia sinensis. Both Distant and Ouchi gave a very good illustration with their descriptions.
Melampsalta (Melampsalte) 1847. Cicadetta (Cigalette)
Tettigetta (Tettigette)
1847.
1847.
|
Cicadetta |
1857. |
|
1857. |
|
|
Tettigetta |
1857. |
|
1857. |
|
|
Melampsalta |
1857. |
|
1857. |
|
|
1861. |
|
|
1866. |
|
|
Cicadetta |
1872. |
|
Melampsalta |
1890. |
|
Cicadetta |
1896. |
|
Pauropsalta |
1904. |
|
Melampsalta |
1905. |
|
Pauropsalta |
1905. |
|
TJrabunana |
1905. |
|
Melampsalta |
1906. |
Genus Melampsalta Amyot Genotype: Cicada musiva Germar
Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
(2) 5: 155 (351).
Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 5: 156.
Amyot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 5: 156. .
Rolenati, Mel. Ent. 5 : 19.
Rolenati, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 30: 417. Rolenati, Mel. Ent. 7 : 24.
Rolenati, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 30 : 422. Rolenati, Mel. Ent. 7 : 27.
Rolenati, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 30: 425. Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (4) 1 : 617.
Stal, Hem. Afr. 4: 42.
Fieber, Ratal. Europ. Cicadinen, 1.
Rarsch, Berl. ent. Zeits. 35: 112, 123. Melichar, Cicad. Mett. Europ. 8.
Goding and Froggatt, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales : 615.
Distant, A. M. N. H. (7) 16: 269.
Distant, A. M. N. H. (7) 16 : 272.
Distant, A. M. N. H. (7) 16: 274.
Distant, Faun. B. I., Rhynch. 3 : 171.
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Heptaglena
Cicadetta
Oligoglena
Melampsalta
Kosemia
Parasemia
Leptopsalta
1911. Horvath, Ann. Mns. Nat. Hung. 9 : 607.
1912. Horvath, Ann. Mns. Nat. Hung. 10 : 605. 1912. Horvath, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 10: 606. 1918. Hanpt, Stett. ent. Zeits. 79: 86.
1927. Matsumura^ Ins. Mats. 2 : 55.
1927. Matsumura, Ins. Mats. 2: 57.
1932. Kato, Mon. Cicad. : 393.
There has been considerable disagreement as to the correct name for this genus. Stal, Karsch and Distant recognized Melampsalta as correct, while Fieber, Melichar and Horvath favored Cicadetta. The name Melampsalta has priority if it is regarded as established by Amyot when published in 1847. This generic name was proposed and accompanied by a description, length measurements and definite type locality, but no species name was mentioned. The International Commission of Zoologi- cal Nomenclature has ruled in Opinion 46 that “In genera pub- lished without mention, by name, of any species, no species is available as genotype unless it can be recognized from the original generic publication.” Amyot ’s description was based entirely on color together with a length measurement and a type locality. Kolenati (1857) was able to recognize the species from Amyot ’s original description and assigned a single species, Melampsalta musiva Germar var. caspica Kolenati, to Melampsalta. Several subsequent workers in Homoptera have approved Kolenati ’s recognition of musiva Germar as the species Amyot originally described, and have therefore accepted Melampsalta as a valid monobasic genus with M. musiva Germar as genotype. One would have to prove that Kolenati was entirely wrong in order to invalidate the name Melampsalta and bring into consideration Cicadetta as the next available name. I think that it would be almost impossible to prove that Kolenati was wrong in his inter- pretation of the species that Amyot intended to describe, and therefore accept Melampsalta as the correct name rather than Cicadetta. Under these conditions the name Melampsalta must be credited to Amyot and date from 1847.
This is a very large genus including about one hundred and twenty species with almost a cosmopolitan distribution (except
Mar., 1943]
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Neotropical Region) ; it is an especially dominant group in Aus- tralia and New Zealand.
Recent workers in this group have attempted at various times to subdivide Melampsalta into additional genera (see. synonyms above), but none of these have been generally accepted as having either generic or subgeneric value.
Melampsalta fuscoclavalis sp. nov. (PI. II, Fig. 10)
Male. Ground color of body black. Head and thorax greyish pilose. Length of head shorter than the distance between the eyes, and head includ- ing the eyes narrower than the base of the mesonotum. Front testaceous red with two large black spots one on each side. Vertex medially longitudinally sulcate, its anterior lateral margins convex. Vertex testaceous red with two small faint black round spots in front of the median ocellus, the area lateral and posterior to the lateral ocelli black. Eyes piceous brown, ocelli red.
Pronotum longer than the head, narrowed anteriorly, deflected laterally, its lateral margins sinuate, the anterior lateral angle entire. The inner area of pronotum entirely black, the anterior extreme edge, lateral and posterior margins, a central longitudinal fascia, slightly widened anteriorly and much widened near the posterior end where there is a median black spot, all testa- ceous red.
Mesonotum black with two obconical spots on the disk margined with testa- ceous red, the oblique depressed lateral marginal area, the cruciform elevation and its anterior and posterior arms, testaceous red.
Abdomen about as long as the head and thorax together, gradually attenu- ated posteriorly; in cross section, triangular in shape. The first tergite, a spot on each lateral area of the second tergite, posterior margins of the third to seventh tergites, the posterior portion of the eighth tergite, all testaceous. The eighth tergite with long greyish pile. The posterior margin of the eighth tergite a little indented medially. Anal tergite medially longitudinally keeled, and produced posteriorly into a spine.
Tegmina and wings hyaline. Breadth of tegmina more than one-third their length. Nodal line indistinct. Basal cell about three times as long as its breadth. Costal membrane and costal vein testaceous red. Venation of the basal two-thirds of tegmen fuscous brown, of the apical third piceous, the extreme base and clavus sanguineous. Veins M and Cu contiguous only at the basal points. Wings with veins fuscous, some parts piceous, the margins of claval area and basal part of clavus infuscated.
Body beneath reddish ochraceous, thickly, greyish pilose. Face longitudi- nally sulcate, only slightly striated. Striations of face, disks of cheek, an- tennae, posterior two-thirds of rostrum, mesonotum, wedge-shaped spots on front coxae, spot on each intermediate and hind coxae, streaks on intermediate and hind femora and tibiae, all black. Bostrum exceeding the middle coxae. Front femora strongly spined beneath, the basal spine largest, the apical one smallest and bifid to form two tiny spines.
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Journal New York Entomological Society
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Abdomen beneath black, the posterior segmental margins of the second to sixth sternites, greater part of subgenital plate, and hypandrium, all testa- ceous red. Subgenital plate ;narrowed, deflected, and flattened at the pos- terior third, a little longer than the two preceding segments together, very convex, longer than wide. Opercula separated at their inner margins, not quite reaching the posterior margin of the second segment, their lateral mar- gins expanded at the base, then narrowed, their posterior margins convexly rounded, their inner margins obtusely angulated; disk of each operculum depressed.
Length of body: 20 mm.; expansion of tegmina: 52 mm.
Holotype : male Chungnanshan, Shensi Province, China, May 1, 1936, in Fan Memorial Biological Institute, Peiping.
This species resembles M. radiator Uhler from Mukden and Japan in general appearance. The hypandrium in M. radiator is about as long as wide, the subgenital plate about as long as the three preceding sternites. M. fuscoclavalis is allied with M. wul- sini Liu because of the breadth of the head and the length of the subgenital plate, but it differs from the latter by having veins M and Cu contiguous instead of fusing. The color markings of the two species are distinctly different.
Melampsalta fuscoclavalis var. chungnanshana var. nov.
Male. Head black, a spot on the apex of the front, anterior lateral mar- gins of vertex and a longitudinal median fascia near the base of vertex, testa- ceous red. Pronotum without a median longitudinal fascia. Mesonotum with two angular spots on the disk. Face black, with the lateral areas and the apical portion testaceous. Opercula blackish, fuscous at the posterior third. Subgenital plate not flattened at the posterior portion.
Length of body: 20 mm.; expansion of tegmina: 50 mm.
Holotype : male, Chungnanshan, Shensi Province, China, May 1, 1936, in the collection of the University of Nanking.
Paratype : one male specimen collected at the same locality and on the same date with the holotype. The paratype is deposited in the collection of the University of Nanking.
Genus Subpsaltria gen. nov.
Head including the eyes narrower than the base of the mesonotum, its length less than the distance between the eyes. Front prominent, deflected an- teriorly. Ocelli about the same distance from the eyes as from each other. Pronotum much longer than the head, convex, laterally depressed, obliquely narrowed anteriorly, the posterior angles strongly lobately produced. Meso- notum strongly convex, narrowed posteriorly, its length about as long as the
Mar., 1943]
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41
head and pronotum together. A pair of striated areas present on the an- terior lateral sides of the mesonotum. Abdomen of female about as long as the head and thorax together, the lateral margins strongly recurved and very prominent. Face very convex, two median longitudinal ridges separated by a longitudinal sulcus. Anterior femora robust and very strongly spined be- neath. Tegmina and wings shining, finely transversely wrinkled; tegmina broad, their length about two and a half times their breadth, the basal cell about three times as long as wide. Tegmina with eight, wings with six apical areas. Bostrum reaching the intermediate coxae.
Genotype: Subpsaltria yangi sp. n.
Distribution: Northwestern China.
The systematic position of this genus is in the subfamily Tettigadinge which was erected by Jacobi (1907).
The genus Subpsaltria appears to be similar to Paharia in the subfamily Tibicininte described by Distant (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 16: 25), except for the presence of a pair of striated areas situated on each of the sides of the mesonotum, and a projecting scraper formed by the base of the claval area of each tegmen.
Subpsaltria yangi sp. nov. (PI. II, Fig. 5)
Female. Head including the eyes much narrower than the base of the mesonotum, its length less than the space between the eyes. Front prominent, triangularly produced, about as long as the vertex. Color black, thickly brownish pilose, with the posterior area of front, anterior and lateral margins of vertex, the median sulcation behind the median ocellus, all testaceous red.
Pronotum much longer than the head, convex, laterally depressed, obliquely narrowed anteriorly, the posterior angles strongly lobately produced. Ex- treme edge of pronotum, the median longitudinal fascia, incisures, two oblique spots on the disk, two large lateral spots on the posterior margin and extreme narrow area of lateral margin, all testaceous red.
Mesonotum about as long as the head and pronotum together, strongly deflected on each side. Color black, thickly brownish pilose, two longitu- dinal fasciae on the disk curved inwardly and enlarged at the posterior tip, two somewhat triangular spots in front of the anterior angle of the cruci- form elevation, anterior lateral obliquely striated areas, all brownish ochra- ceous.
Tegmina and wings ochraceous, finely transversely wrinkled, with the vena- tion testaceous. Apical areas very short. The extreme base of tegmina and wings, their clavus and claval areas ochraceously sanguineous. The claval area of wings greatly developed.
Abdomen about as long as the head and thorax together, brownish ochrace- ous; first tergite entirely, and the anterior median half of second tergite, black; the anterior marginal black fasciae of the third to seventh tergites narrowed gradually; a series of continuous black spots at the middle of the
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Journal New York Entomological Society
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abdominal tergites, a brownish black marginal spot on the last tergite. Anal tergite triangular in shape, about as long as the two preceding tergites.
Body beneath brownish black, thickly brownish pilose. Face medially longitudinally sulcate. Striations of face, streaks of front coxae, hind femora and spots on intermediate and hind coxae, castaneous. Anterior femora robust, strongly spined beneath, the apical spine larger than the basal one, and a very small one scarcely detectable in front of the apical one. Apical half of the rostrum and the spines of the front femora, piceous. Rostrum reaching intermediate coxae. Abdomen beneath deeply depressed, with the lateral edges strongly developed and very prominent. Surface sparsely pilose, the posterior segmental margins castaneous. Genital plate deflected laterally and deeply cleft centrally.
Length of body : 29 mm. ; expansion of tegmina : 82 mm.
Holotype : Chungnanshan, Shensi Province, China, May 3, 1936, in the collection of the University of Nanking.
The name of the species is dedicated to Dr. We-i Yang, the Entomologist of the Fan Memorial Biological Institute.
Female. Head and pronotum, thickly brownish pilose ; the anterior sulca- tion, and the posterior area of front, the anterior and lateral margins and the median longitudinal sulcation behind median ocellus, median longitudinal fascia, incisures, two oblique spots on the inner area of pronotum, all testa- taceous red ; pronotum with the extreme lateral edges and the posterior area of the hind margins, brownish ochraceous. Mesonotum black, only sparsely brownish pilose; two median linear fasciae, the anterior lateral obliquely striated areas and the disk of the cruciform elevation, testaceous red.
Fig. 2. Tegmen and hind wing of Subpsaltria sienyangensis sp. n.
Abdomen castaneous; the entire first tergite black, the transverse black fascia widened medially on each of the abdominal tergites from two to seven and a median longitudinal spot on the eighth tergite to form a continuous series of black fasciae; a series of black spots on the lateral areas of the abdominal segments and the ninth tergite brownish-black.
Tegmina and wings ochraceous, finely transversely wrinkled ; venation ochraceous; veins of the tegmina margined on both sides by fuscous black;
Subpsaltria sienyangensis sp. nov.
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Chen: Cicadas
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basal cell fuscous black. Wings slightly infuscated. The ulnar areas of wings margined with fuscous. The extreme base and claval areas of tegmina and of wings, testaceous sanguineous (Fig. 2).
Body beneath, rostrum and legs, black; face, disk of lora and sternum thickly brownish pilose ; face deeply longitudinally sulcate, the sulcus widened at its middle; a spot on the apex of the front, a wedge-shaped fascia on the intermediate and hind coxse, streaks on the fore, intermediate and hind femora, all testaceous red; rostrum reaching intermediate coxae, two strong spines and a very minute one beneath front femora. Hind tibiae spined on outer and inner sides.
Abdomen beneath black, with the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. The female genital plate deeply cleft at the median posterior margin. The length of the genital plate at the middle equal to the length of the preceding segment and at the lateral area equal to two preceding segments measured on the median line.
Length of body : 33 mm. ; expansion of tegmina : 86 mm.
Holotype : female, Sienyang, Shensi Province, China, in Sep- tember, 1939. A somewhat damaged specimen collected by Mr. Y. S. Wu, in the collection of the University of Nanking.
This species is closely allied to 8. yangi from Chnngnanshan. It can be separated easily from yangi by the larger size, veins of tegmen margined by fuscous black and the relatively shorter length of the genital plate. In yangi, the genital plate of the female is longer than the preceding segment medially, and the greatest length at the lateral area is greater than the two preced- ing segments measured by the same method.
In both of these Chinese species, the specimens I examined possess a striated area on each of the anterior lateral sides of the mesonotum. I cannot be sure that these striated areas are used for secondary sound production, and the collectors of the speci- mens did not inform me.
At the lateral sides of the base of the mesonotum there is a somewhat oblong area obliquely situated. It is ochraceous in color, 2 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, and is free from hairs. Upon examination of this area, it is seen that the finely, obliquely, parallel, sharp-edged ridges run diagonal to the body axis and are inclined toward the middle. The surface is convex. The number of striations is eighteen. On the tegmina, the base of the claval area supported by the bases of the veins pi. and lv., which are enlarged and much sclerotized, projects out and is sup-
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Journal New York Entomological Society
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ported underneath by Va. This projection (Fig. 3, Sc.) func- tions as a scraper against the striated area (Fig. 3, St.).
When the insect is in repose, the elevated scraper is in a per- pendicular position to the ridges of the striated area. If a dull insect pin is scraped across the ridges of the area, a weak sound can be heard. Since only the female specimens are present in our collection, I can only conclude that such secondary stridu- lating organs are not limited to the male sex as is the case with the primary sound-producing organs.
Pig. 3. The secondary stridulating organs of the female Subpsaltria yangi sp. n. St. — striated area. Sc. — scraper.
Jacobi (1907) claimed that similar secondary sound-producing organs in the same position were present in the genera Tettigades, Chonosia and Babras, and the subfamily Tettigadinse was erected by him to include these three genera. Our specimens, after care- ful examination, appear to be similar to the genus Paharia Dist. in which only four species are known, but are apparently very different because of the presence of these stridulating areas on the mesonotum. Jacobi (1927) mentioned two species and one variety of Paharia from Afghanistan, but did not mention the presence of such stridulating organs in those species.
Mar., 1943]
Chen: Cicadas
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Genus Sinosena gen. nov. (PI. I, Figs. 3 and 4)
Head narrowed, depressed, including the eyes considerably narrower than the base of the mesonotum; pronotum obliquely depressed anteriorly, longer than the head, its lateral margins distinctly toothed; mesonotum large, very convex, a little longer than the head and pronotum together, the cruciform elevation raised and narrowed posteriorly; abdomen short and robust, the tymbals and tympanal coverings absent, the second abdominal segment not elongated laterally and ventrally and entirely the same form as the follow- ing segments ; opercula in male developed, but widely separated ; tegmina and wings hyaline, and maculated; nodal line weakly indicated; breadth of tegmina more than one-third of the length; veins M and Cu of tegmen coalesced for a considerable distance. Tegmina with eight, wings with six apical areas. Rostrum exceeding the hind coxae, front femora weakly spined beneath. Females larger than the males.
Genotype : Karenia ccelatata Distan.
Sinosena caelatta Distant
1890. Karenia ccelatata Distant, Ent. 23: 91 (China: Chia Kou Ho).
1892. Karenia ccelatata Distant, Mon. Or. Cicad. : 127, t. 13, f . 5 (China: Chia Kou Ho).
This mute species was described from a single female specimen by Distant (1890) from China. The female resembles the female of the species Karenia ravida , that has the tympana developed in the male. The author collected twenty-five males and seventeen females at Tsaopao, Western Szechwan Province, in a big forest belonging to a Lama Temple, but was not able to obtain a single specimen outside the forest, in the nearby regions.
In the more primitive genera Platypedia and Neoplatypedia of the Nearctic Region, the tympanum is absent, the metepimeron is not prolonged posteriorly to form the operculum, the abdomen is attenuated and the genital plate of the male is lengthened. All these characters demonstrate an archaic relation with the ancestor of the species of Tibicina and its allies. On the other hand, the primitive species Sinosena ccelatata Dist. has the opercula devel- oped in both sexes, has a robust body, the tegmina maculated, a weak nodal line and very large size; all of which would seem to indicate a relation with the ancestor of the tribe Dundubiini, which is the most dominant group in the Oriental Region.
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LITERATURE CITED
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Fieber, F. X. 1872. Katalog der europaischen Cicadinen. . . . Wien, 1. Germar, E. F. 1821. Bemerkungen iiber einige Gattungen der Cicadarien. Germ. Mag. d. Ent., 4 : 1-106.
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Ouchi, Y. 1938. A preliminary note on some Chinese cicadas with two new genera. Journ. Shang. Sci. Inst., (3) 4: 75-111, 2 pis.
Eeaumur, E. A. F. de. 1734-1742. Memoires pour servir a 1 ’histoire des Insectes. Quartrieme Memoires. Sur les Cigales; et sur quelques mouches de genre approachant du leur. Tom Y ; 145-206, pis. 16- 29.
Schmidt, E. 1919. Beitrage zur Kenntnis aussereuropaischen Zikaden (Ehynchota-Homoptera). Stett. ent. Zeit., 80: 365-382.
. 1933. Yerzeichnis der Cicaden des Chineseschen Eeiches. Pek.
N. H. Soc. Bull., 7: 117-133.
Schmacher, E. 1915. H. Sauter ’s Formosan-ausbeute. Homoptera. Suppl. Entom., 4 : 108-142, 5 figs.
Signoret, Y. 1849. Description de quelques cigales voisines de la Cicada atrata , Fabr. Eev. Mag. Zool., (2) 1: 405-410, pi. 10.
Stal, C. 1861. Genera nonnula nova Cicadinorum. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fran., (4) 1: 613-622.
. 1863. Hemipterorum exoticorum generum et specierum nonnullarum
novarum Descriptiones. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., (3) 1: 571-603.
. 1866. Hemiptera Africana descripsit Carolus Stal. Holmiae, 4
vols.
— . 1870. Hemiptera insularum Philippinarum. — Bidrag till Philip-
pinska oarnes Hemipter-fauna. Ofv. Yet.-Ak. Fbrh., 27: 607-776, pis. 7-9.
Stoll, C. 1781-1792. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der Cikaden und Wanzen, . . . Niirnberg, trans. from Dutch. 7 parts. Cicadidae, 1781.
Tillyard, E. H. 1926. Fam. Cicadidae, pp. 160-162. In “The Insects of Australia and New Zealand.” Sydney: Angus & Eobertson, Ltd., 560 pp.
Uhler, P. E. 1862. Homoptera of the North Pacific exploring expedition under Com’rs. Eodgers and Einggold. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861: 282-284.
Mar., 1943]
Chen: Cicadas
49
Van Duzee, E. P. 1916. Check list of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1916 : xi + 111.
. 1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico
excepting the Aphididae, Coccidae and Aleurodidae. Univ. Cal. Publ., Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. (Entomology), 2: xiv + 902.
Walker, P. 1850-1852. List of the specimens of Homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. 4 parts, Cicad. pt. 1.
. 1858. List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection
of the British Museum, Supplement.
Westwood, J. O. 1840. An introduction to the modern classification of insects. 2 vols. Lond. Cicadidae, vol. 2: 414-450.
. 1842. On the opaque-winged species of cicada, from India.
Arcan. Entom., 2 : 13, pi. 51.
. 1842. Illustrations of some genera belonging to the family
Cicadidae. Arcana Entom., 1 : 91-92.
White, A. 1844. Descriptions of some new species of Coleoptera and Homoptera from China, A. M. N. H., (1) 14: 422—426.
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Plate I
Figure 1. Tibicen tsaopaonensis sp. nov., type.
Figure 2. Sinopsaltria bifasciata sp. nov., type.
Figure 3. Sinosena ccelatata Distant, Western Szechwan, China, Aug. 9, 1938. Figure 4. Sinosena ccelatata Distant, Western Szechwan, China, Aug. 5, 1938.
(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. LI
(Plate I)
Chinese Cicadas
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Plate II
Figure 5. Subpsaltria yangi sp. nov., type.
Figure 6. Leptosemia huasipana sp. nov., type. Figure 7. Female genital plate of L. huasipana. Figure 8. Female genital plate of L. takanonis. Figure 9. Chremistica nana sp. nov., type.
Figure 10. Melampsalta fuscoclavalis sp. nov., type.
(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. LI
(Plate II)
LEPTOSEMIA HUASIPANA
LEPTOSEMIA HUASIPANA LEPTOSEMIA TAKANONIS
10 MELAMPSALTA FUSGOCLAVALIS
Chinese Cicadas
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BOOK NOTICE
The Genus Conotrachelus Dejean ( Coleoptera , Curculionidce) in the North Central United States. By Herbert Frederick Schoof. Tbe University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1942. 26.5 x 17.5 cm. 170 p. 9 pi. Paper covers. Price
$1.50.
Illinois Biological Monographs are always noteworthy and the present one, which is No. 3 of Volume XIX is no exception. It should be welcomed by taxonomists and also by economic ento- mologists because of the economic importance of several species of Conotrachelus. On the basis of morphological characters, which included the body regions and their appendages, color and vestiture, secondary sex characters and male genitalia, and after a study of the relative importance of each, the author divides the genus into four groups as opposed to six groups by previous authors. These four groups indicate the phylogenetic relations of the species more clearly. Keys to the groups and to the species within each group are provided and each species is described or redescribed on the basis of external morphological structures and male genitalia. In addition there is a discussion of the distribu- tion, biology, phylogeny and nomenclature of each species. A bibliography and nine plates of agdeagi and other taxonomic struc- tures complete this excellent monograph which includes 29 species, six of which are described as new. I know that there must have been good reasons for limiting this study to the species of the North Central United States, but I can’t help mentioning the well-known fact that the users of these monographs are con- tinually in need of such worthwhile treatments for, at least, the country as a whole. But until taxonomists are more richly re- warded, I fear that we shall have to take what we can get and be thankful for it. — H. B. Weiss.
Mar., 1943]
Richards: Nerve Sheaths
55.
LIPID NERVE SHEATHS IN INSECTS AND THEIR PROBABLE RELATION TO INSECTICIDE ACTION
By A. Glenn Richards, Jr.
Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
INTRODUCTION
This study is an outgrowth of previous work in which it was shown that toxic petroleum oils cause a degeneration that seems largely a separation of the individual nerve cells and their proc- esses (Richards, 1941a). While studying the action of toxic oils it was noted that oil solvents marked with Sudan dyes penetrated electively into the nervous system from trachese. Correlating these two sets of data resulted in the hypothesis that, despite current beliefs to the contrary, insect nerve cells and their proc- esses are surrounded and insulated by some lipid material. The present paper confirms this idea. It shows that insect nerves are surrounded by bound lipid sheaths, and further that the penetra- tion of oil solvents, and so presumably of oils, is correlated with the distribution of this lipid, and that the destruction of the lipid nerve sheath is at least one of the effects of certain neurotoxic insecticides.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NERVE SHEATHS
When mosquito larvse ( Culex pipiens ; Richards, 1941b) come into contact with a layer of xylol the fluid readily enters the spiracles and more or less fills the tracheal system. Such larvas become paralyzed within a minute or two, and the heart stops beating in about 15 minutes. If the xylol is marked with Sudan dyes, it is found that in those segments in which the tracheae are filled with xylol the nerve cord soon becomes intensely colored and stands out in contrast to the other tissues which remain un- c'olored. Obviously the marked xylol can penetrate from trachea into the nervous system more readily and in vastly larger quan- tity than it can into other tissues.
Dissection of such specimens shows that the color is more con-
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centrated in fiber tract regions (Fig. 2). Only a relatively small amount can be discerned in the cell-body regions. Dissection of specimens in which the marked xylol is just beginning to pene- trate into the nervous system shows that it diffuses rapidly from the small tracheae into and then along the fiber tract regions (Fig. 3). This suggests the intermediation of some material in which considerable quantities of x3dol are readily soluble, i.e., a lipid.
Brains and nerve cords of larvae dissected in 10 per cent for- malin (4 per cent formaldehyde) and left in the formol for 24 hours can be readily stained with Black Sudan B1 (Figs. 4-5). Such larvae show only a diffuse stain in the fiber tract regions such as has been recently reported by Wigglesworth (1942) for mosquito larvae fixed in Bouin’s fluid. Short fixation in 10 per cent formalin is inadequate in the sense that subsequent staining in the alcoholic dye results in a partial release of lipid.2
The larval nervous system may be similarly stained by brief immersion of living ganglia in the alcoholic stain, but alcohol soon releases the lipid which then stains as dark particles. This experiment is most easily performed by carefully removing the top of the larva's head (in saline) and placing the part contain- ing the intact nervous system in the alcoholic stain for about five minutes. After removal and rinsing, the dissection is completed in saline. The stain will not have penetrated completely to the suboesophageal ganglion, and a full series of effects will be ob- tained in a single brain (Figs. 6-7). In the exposed upper part the lipid will have been released by the alcohol and stained as particles, in the suboesophageal ganglion the lipid will be unde- tectable (and presumably unaffected), and in the intermediate
1 For source and techniques see Hartman (1940). Staining of entire nerve cords takes only 5-15 minutes in the stain in 70% alcohol but several hours in a saturated solution of the stain in 50% alcohol. As mounting medium I have used Apathy’s Gum Syrup. This is made by dissolving 50 grams of gum arabic and 50 grams of sucrose in 50 cc. of warm distilled water, filtering, cooling and then adding 1 cc. of formalin. For the fats of the adipose tissue this makes a good permanent mounting medium that does not require sealing (I have slides over three years old) but the nerve sheath lipids are soon altered in this as in other media tried.
2 This might conceivably be due either to inadequate fixation or to the slow removal of one lipid fraction in 10% formalin. See Weil (1933).
Mar., 1943]
Bichards: Nerve Sheaths
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parts a region will be found with diffuse staining which grades into particulate staining above and unstained tissue below.
Material fixed in 50 per cent alcohol and then stained with Black Sudan B shows all or almost all of the color located in particles (Fig. 8). These particles are concentrated in the fiber tract regions and are clearly outside the nerve fibers since by crushing the fresh whole mount they can be made to float around freely independently of the uncrushed cells. Smaller and less numerous particles also occur between the cells, giving indication of a lipid layer extending around the cells as well as around the processes.
The lipid particles released by alcohol are usually small, have irregular shapes (Fig. 10), stain intensely with Sudan dyes, and have a high melting point (> 100° C.). Oblong particles exhibit negative birefringence with respect to their long axes. The material composing these particles is rapidly removed by high concentrations of ethyl alcohol (70 per cent and higher) and slowly by low concentrations of alcohol and even by water. The nerve sheaths also appear to be heat labile, for while osmium tetroxide heavily blackens the interfibrillar material in larvae killed by heat (45° C. for 3 minutes), it does not do so in control animals (Figs. 11-13).
The lipid composing the nerve sheaths is clearly different from the lipids of the adipose tissue. The latter are not visibly affected by aqueous fixing fluids or by a temperature of 45° C., and, while they are soluble in 95 per cent alcohol, they are insoluble in 70 per cent alcohol.
To determine whether or not the lipid nerve sheaths occur gen- erally throughout the group a miscellaneous set of insects were collected, opened and fixed in 10 per cent formalin, and then the dissected nervous systems stained with Black Sudan B and examined as partially crushed whole mounts. Species examined were: Gryllus assimilis (Orthoptera), Phymata erosa (Hemip- tera), Harpalus sp. (Coleoptera), Bornbus sp. (Hymenoptera) and Eristalis tenax (Diptera). With all of these species the same results were obtained as have been recorded above for formalin- fixed mosquito larvas. It would seem from these observations that lipid nerve sheaths are of general occurrence among insects.
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The preceding data also suggest that the lipids of the nerve sheath are, at least in part, bound phospholipids (phosphatids). To check this, extracts were made from brains (supracesophageal ganglia) and suboesophageal ganglia of honey bees (workers). This work is purely qualitative and based solely on solubilities; as such it is to be considered as preliminary although indicative. Brains (usually including the suboesophageal ganglia) were re- moved from normal bees and carefully cleaned of surrounding tissues. The adhering tracheal sheath was peeled off to insure removal of all pieces of the head glands, the oesophagus removed as a unit, and the optic and ocellar nerves severed to prevent inclusion of any eye pigments. Dissections were performed in lots of five or six, and the nervous tissue then dried in a vacuum where it was gradually accumulated (in darkness). From 225 such dissections, 53 milligrams (dry weight) of pure nervous system were obtained. This was extracted with dry ethyl ether (in darkness), filtered, an excess of dry acetone added to the filtrate, and the tube placed in a refrigerator overnight. A fine white precipitate resulted. This was filtered and the residue after drying redissolved in ether and concentrated on a warm water-bath. Portions of the redissolved material were dried on clean slides and tested for alcohol solubility: a majority of the material dissolved in 95 per cent ethyl alcohol but a small amount was insoluble. The ether-acetone filtrate was likewise concen- trated and portions dried on clean slides; a considerable residue was present after drying. This latter residue is readily soluble in 95 per cent ethyl alcohol and slowly soluble in 70 per cent alcohol. The original ether extract then shows acetone-soluble and acetone-insoluble fractions, both of which can be stained with Black Sudan B in 50 per cent alcohol. The acetone-soluble fraction is also soluble in ethyl alcohol. The acetone-insoluble fraction is divisible into an alcohol-soluble and a smaller alcohol- insoluble fraction. Using the data given by Page (1937), the above suggests the presence of considerable amounts of cholesterol (acetone- and alcohol-soluble) and lecithin (acetone-insoluble, alcohol-soluble) and small amounts of cephalin (acetone- and alcohol-insoluble). While some of these substances were doubt- less extracted from the nerve cells themselves, comparison with
Mar., 1943]
Richards: Nerve Sheaths
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the histochemical data indicates clearly that the nerve sheaths contain the same lipids as the extracts.3
RELATION OP THE NERVE SHEATHS TO INSECTICIDE PENETRATION
The elective penetration of stained xylol into the nervous system (Fig. 1) not only indicates the presence of lipids but also shows that these lipids are of prime importance in the penetration of oil solvents. Specimens dissected during the penetration proc- ess show the course of diffusion of the stain from the tracheae into and then along the fiber tracts (Fig. 3). Presumably this relationship will also be true for toxic oils and oil-borne toxins.
RELATION BETWEEN THE PENETRATION OF XYLOL AND PARALYSIS
Specimens in which by chance the penetration into successive ganglia is progressive and not too rapid show paralysis of those segments in which the ganglia are stained while the more an- terior segments (farther from the spiracles) are still reacting. There is then a direct correlation between the penetration of xylol into a ganglion and the prompt paralysis of that segment. Such a correlation is commonly pointed out in insecticide studies but in this case penetration of the toxin can be observed directly instead of assumed.
Unfortunately, the destructive action of alcohol makes it diffi- cult to study the action of insecticides on the nerve sheaths. Techniques are now being studied in a search for better pro- cedures.
Xylol is obviously a nerve poison. Its rapid penetration into the nervous system is correlated with and so presumably condi- tioned by the lipid nerve sheaths. But it does not seem to destroy these sheaths, at least not to the extent that toxic petroleum oils and postmortem degeneration do (Richards, 1941a). Xylol must also penetrate (more slowly and in smaller quantity) into other tissues as is shown by the cessation of heartbeat in approximately 15 minutes. Quite likely the toxic effect of xylol is a general one
3 Comparison with the data given for crustacean nerve sheaths by Schmitt, Bear and Clark (1935) would suggest that cholesterol is also involved in the insect nerve sheath complex but the histochemical data given in the present paper are not sufficient to make any statement at this point.
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and xylol seems to be a nerve poison largely because of the speed of its penetration into the nervous system. The nature of the action of xylol on living cells is not known.
DISCUSSION
The definite demonstration of bound lipid nerve sheaths is new for insects (Richards, 1942). It has generally been considered that insect nerves lack myelin sheaths or any counterpart thereof ( e.g Lindsay and Craig, 1942). Hanstrom (1928) does not even discuss the possibility of interneuronal material other than con- nective tissue. The same is true for the brief reviews by Clayton (1932) and Hilton (1942), and the papers on non-nervous ele- ments by Scharrer (1939, 1941). When the present study was nearing completion Wigglesworth (1942) published a paper on insect nutrition in which he noted a diffuse staining with Black Sudan B in the central fibrous region of the nerve ganglia of mosquito larvse but he did not carry the analysis further.
In invertebrates other than insects there is a growing literature on myelin-like or bound lipid nerve sheaths. The data are largely derived from optical studies on large peripheral nerves, and con- cern nerve fibers of Annelida (Young, 1937), Crustacea (Retzius, 1890 ; Schmitt, Bear and Clark, 1935 ; Bear and Schmitt, 1937 ; Chinn and Schmitt, 1937) and the Squid (Bear, Schmitt and Young, 1937). 4 Data presented herein on insects are largely (not exclusively) derived from the central nervous system, and are based on histochemical methods including extractions. However, the histochemical and optical data are probably comparable. At least in the mosquito larva bound lipid nerve sheaths of sub- microscopic thickness are clearly indicated for both the central nervous system and for the individual fibers of the peripheral nerves. Preliminary observations on representatives of other orders of insects suggest, as would be expected, that bound lipid nerve sheaths will be found throughout the class Insecta.
The chemical identity of the lipid or lipids in the nerve sheath is still uncertain. The histochemical data and melting point sug-
4 It might also be mentioned that even the so-called non-myelinated nerve fibers of vertebrates have similar lipo-protein sheaths (Schmitt and Bear, 1937). For a review of the literature on nerve sheaths see Schmitt and Bear (1939), and for more recent papers see Taylor (1940) and Holmes (1942).
Mar., 1943]
Richards: Nerve Sheaths
61
gest a phospholipid. Ether extracts of bee brains can be sepa- rated into fractions, the solubilities of which suggest cholesterol, lecithin and perhaps small amounts of cephalin. Comparison of these data with the data of Schmitt, et al., clearly suggests that the submicroscopic insect nerve sheaths are composed of one or more phospholipids (lecithin ?), and perhaps cholesterol, bound with protein.
The presence of bound lipid nerve sheaths is of histological value but their probable relation to the penetration of neurotoxic insecticides is of major interest in any study of the mode of action of these toxins. Insects differ fundamentally from vertebrates in that toxins cannot only reach the nervous system from the blood but also directly from the tracheae. The entrance of oil solvents such as xylol into the nerve cord from the tracheae is correlated with the distribution of this lipid and so presumably conditioned by it. It seems reasonable to assume that the same will be true for any oil or oil solvent that can penetrate tracheal walls.5 In fact, any toxin, entering either from the tracheae or blood, must traverse this bound lipid sheath to enter the nerve cells or processes. Partition coefficients would favor lipid-soluble materials.
The histopathological effects produced by toxic petroleum oils (Richards, 1941a) are consistent with the view that the destruc- tion of the lipid nerve sheaths is intimately involved in the neuro- toxic action of the oils. It seems likely that the same is true for the action of pyrethrins (see especially Klinger, 1936). Sheath degeneration also occurs as a relatively early postmortem change in asphyxiated mosquito larvae (Richards, 1941a). But whether or not the sheath destruction is directly concerned in the produc- tion of paralysis and death is unknown. (See below.)
Another interesting analytical trend comes from the compari-
5 In studying the effect of ‘ 1 Flit ’ ’ on bees, Nelson (1927) reports the pene- tration of the stained mixture from tracheae into the nerve ganglia, muscles and some of the malpighian tubes. The data are not strictly comparable to those presented in the present paper. However, the coloring of the ganglia is suggestive. And, in view of the long time factor (15 hours), the coloring of some other tissues is not surprising. Xylol must affect other tissues too since it causes a cessation of the heartbeat within 15 minutes, but only in the nervous system does it accumulate in sufficient quantity to visibly color the tissue by the time of death.
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son of a series of papers which unfortunately deal with different species of insects and so must be correlated with caution. (1) Feldberg (1940) demonstrated phosphatase activity for bee venom by using it to prepare lysolecithin from purified lecithin. Bee venom appears to have the same action as cobra venom in producing lysolecithin in vertebrate tissues and in releasing histamine (see also Feldberg and Kellaway, 1937). Whether the toxic effect is produced by lysolecithin directly or through the intermediation of histamine is another question but need not be considered here. (2) It is well known that many parasitic or parasitoid wasps cause a true paralysis by stinging the ganglia of their arthropod prey. Hartzell (1935) has reported that the venom of the wasp, Sphecius speciosus, causes nerve lesions in the ganglia of the cicada, Tibicen pruinosa. (3) The present paper reports the presence of bound lipid nerve sheaths in insects, and gives data suggesting' that the lipids are phospholipids including considerable amounts of some lecithin. (4) And, finally, the present paper points out that at least some of the types of insect nerve lesions reported by various authors seem interpretable as due to the breakdown of these phospholipid sheaths.
If these apparent correlations could all be demonstrated in one study, it would follow that paralyzing venoms probably act on arthropods by disrupting the lipid nerve sheaths and producing lysolecithin which in turn acts on the nerve cells (perhaps also indirectly). If this is true, another interesting point may be that the important destructive effects are not really the histo- logically visible lesions, because Feldberg (1940) has noted that the destructive effects of lysolecithin are not histologically demon- strable in the vertebrate adrenal gland.
The relationship of the data in the preceding two paragraphs to the action of neurotoxic insecticides is unknown. There is as yet no evidence that phosphatase activity is involved in insecti- cide action. Also neurotoxic insecticides kill whereas the venoms injected by wasps only paralyze.6 Data from surgical operations show that mere elimination of parts of the central nervous system does not necessarily cause death (Kopec, 1923; Metalnikov and Korvine-Kroukovsky, 1927). Data from the effects of toxic pe-
6 Dosage rather than intrinsically different effect may be involved.
Mar., 1943] Richards: Nerve Sheaths 63
troleum oils suggest that destruction of the lipid nerve sheaths is an important act of these insecticides (Richards, 1941a). At least some of the data from the effects of pyrethrins likewise sug- gest destruction of the nerve sheaths (especially Klinger, 1936), but Wigglesworth (1941) reports that pyrethrins dissolved in liquid paraffin cause a far more general cellular destruction within ten days after paralysis,7 and Hartzell and Scudder (1942) point out that the effects of pyrethrum are not neces- sarily confined to the nervous system. It seems to me certain that the lipid nerve sheaths are important factors in the penetra- tion of neurotoxins and that these sheaths are commonly broken down by insecticides, but this does not mean that degeneration of the sheaths per se causes death or that other tissues cannot be penetrated and affected by neurotoxic insecticides.
SUMMARY
1. Insect nerve cells and their processes are surrounded and insulated by bound lipid sheaths of submicroscopic thickness. Solubility data suggest that the lipids are phospholipids, perhaps with the addition of cholesterol.
2. The lipid nerve sheaths are correlated with and so presum- ably condition the penetration of oil solvents into the nervous system from tracheae. Presumably this finding will apply also to the penetration of toxic oils and oil-borne toxins.
3. One of the effects of certain neurotoxic insecticides seems to be the destruction of these bound lipid sheaths.
4. Some aspects of the relationships of these data to the study of insecticide physiology are discussed.
LITERATURE CITED
Bear, R. S., and F. O. Schmitt. 1937. Optical properties of the axon sheaths of crustacean nerves. Jour. Cell, and Comp. Phys., 9: 275— 287.
7 How much of this tissue dissolution precedes or accompanies the death of the cells is unknown. The mere fact that the heart is still heating does not necessarily mean that the nervous system is alive. The cells of the central nervous system may have been dead and undergoing a kind of postmortem de- generation for days. If this is true, the degree of degeneration of the nervous tissue is not necessarily any index of the type or extent of the insecticide action. The same criticism may be made of all other studies in which histo- pathology is used without a check on the physiological condition of the cells (see Richards, 1941a, pp. 182-183).
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Bear, B. S., F. O. Schmitt and J. Z. Young. 1937. The sheath components of the giant nerve fibers of the squid. Proc. Boy. Soc. London, B, 123: 496-504.
Chinn, P., and F. O. Schmitt. 1937. On the birefringence of nerve sheaths as studied in cross section. Jour. Cell, and Comp. Phys., 9: 289-296.
Clayton, D. E. 1932. A comparative study of the non-nervous elements in the nervous system of invertebrates. Jour. Ent. and Zool., 24: 3-22.
Feldberg, W. 1940. The action of bee venom, cobra venom and lysolecithin on the adrenal medulla. Jour. Physiol., 99: 104-118.
Feldberg, W., and C. H. Kellaway. 1937. Liberation of histamine from the perfused lung of the guinea-pig by bee venom. Jour. Physiol., 91 : 2P-3P.
Hanstrom, B. 1928. Vergleichende Anatomie des Nervensystems der wir- bellosen Tiere, unter Beriicksichtigung seiner Funktion. Springer, Berlin.
Hartman, T. L. 1940. The use of Sudan Black B as a bacterial fat stain. Stain Tech., 15 : 23-28.
Hartzell, A. 1935. Histopathology of nerve lesions of cicada after paraly- sis by the killer-wasp. Contrib. Boyce Thomp. Inst., 7: 421-425.
Hartzell, A., and H. I. Scudder. 1942. Histological effects of pyrethrum and an activator on the central nervous system of the housefly. Jour. Econ. Ent., 35: 428-433.
Hilton, W. A. 1942. Nerve tissue, cell terminals, sense organs. 4. Non- nervous structures. Jour. Ent. and Zool., 34: 42-45.
Holmes, W. 1942. The giant myelineated nerve fibres of the prawn. Phil. Trans. Boy. Soc. London, 231: 293-311.
Klinger, H. 1936. Die Insektizidwirkung von Pyrethrum und Derrisgiften und ihre Abhangigkeit vom insekten Korper. Arb. fiber Phys. u. Angew. Ent., 3 : 49-69, 115-151.
Kopec, S. 1923. The influence of the nervous system on the development and regeneration of muscles and integument in insects. Jour. Exp. Zool., 37: 15-23.
Kruger, F. 1931. Untersuchungen fiber die Giftwirkung von dalmatischem Insektpulver auf die Larven von Corethra plumicornis. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent., 18: 344-353.
Lindsay, E., and B. Craig. 1942. The distribution of radiophosphorus in wax moth, mealworm, cockroach and firebat. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 35: 50-56.
Metalnikov, S., and M. Korvine-Kroukovsky. 1927. Bole des centres nerveux daus la metamorphose de l’insecte. C. B. Soc. Biol., 97: 1286-1287.
Nelson, F. C. 1927. The penetration of a contact oil spray into the breath- ing system of an insect. Jour. Econ. Ent., 20 : 632-635.
Page, I. H. 1937. Chemistry of the brain. C. C. Thomas Book Co., Balti-
more.
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Richards: Nerve Sheaths
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Retzius, F. 1890. Zur Kenntnis des Nervensystems der Crustaceen. Biol. Untersuch. N. F., 1 : 1-50.
Richards, A. G., Jr. 1941a. Differentiation between toxic and suffocating effects of petroleum oils on larvae of the house mosquito ( Culex pipiens) . Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 67: 161-196.
. 1941b. A stenogamic autogenous strain of Culex pipiens L. in
North America. Ent. News, 52 : 211-216.
. 1942. The interfibrillar material in the central nervous system of
mosquito larvae ( Culex pipiens ). Biol. Bull., 83: 300.
Scharrer, B. 1939. The differentiation between neuroglia and connective tissue sheath in the cockroach ( Periplaneta americana ) . Jour. Comp. Neurol., 70: 77-88.
— •. 1941. Neurosecretion. II. Neurosecretory cells in the central ner-
vous system of cockroaches. Jour. Comp. Neurol., 74: 93-108.
Schmitt, F. O., and R. S. Bear. 1937. The optical properties of vertebrate nerve axons as related to fiber size. Jour. Cell, and Comp. Phys., 9: 261-273.
. 1939. The ultrastructure of the nerve axon sheath. Biol. Rev., 14:
27-80.
Schmitt, F. O., R. S. Bear and G. L. Clark. 1935. X-ray diffraction studies on nerve. Radiology, 25 : 131-151.
Taylor, G. W. 1940. The optical properties of the earthworm giant fibre sheath as related to fibre size. Jour. Cell, and Comp. Phys., 15: 363-371.
Weil, A. 1933. A textbook of neuropathology. Lea and Febiger, Phila- delphia.
Wigglesworth, V. B. 1941. The effect of pyrethrum on the spiracular mechanism of insects. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, A. 16:11-14.
. 1942. The storage of protein, fat, glycogen and uric acid in the fat
body and other tissues of mosquito larvse. Jour. Exp. Biol., 19: 56-77.
Young, P. Z. 1937. The physical and chemical properties of nerve fibers and the nature of synaptic contacts. Trans. Faraday Soc., 33 : 1035- 1040.
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Plate III
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
1. Photomicrograph of two abdominal segments of mosquito larva
treated with xylol stained with Black Sudan B. The body was cut longitudinally along one side, spread open, the gut removed, and mounted as a whole mount. Shows the intensely colored ganglia and their connectives. Also shows many small tracheae containing stained xylol; these tracheae branch around and through uncolored muscle, adipose and epithelial tissues. Mag- nification 75 x.
2. Whole mount of brain (supraoesophageal ganglion) of mosquito
larva treated with xylol stained with Black Sudan B. Note color is concentrated in the fiber-tract regions. Magnification 95 x.
3. Whole mount of intact thoracic ganglia of a mosquito larva
treated with xylol stained with Black Sudan B. Note meta- thoracic ganglion into which xylol is penetrating from the xylol-filled tracheae on the left side. In the original mount the distinction between stain in the tracheae and in the nerve tissue is much clearer. Magnification 270 x.
4. Whole mount of removed thoracic and first abdominal ganglia of
a mosquito larva fixed in 10% formalin for 37 hours and then stained with Black Sudan B in 70% alcohol. Magnification 120 X.
5. Crushed whole mount of brain and suboesophageal ganglion of a
mosquito larva fixed in 10% formalin for 37 hours and then stained with Black Sudan B in 70% alcohol. Air-filled tracheae appear black, fluid-filled tracheae are transparent. Black areas are fiber tract regions. Suboesophageal ganglion broken in half and twisted in mounting with result that one half lies above the brain, the other half below. Magnification 120 x.
(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), You. LI
(Plate III)
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Plate IV
Figure 6. Portion of crushed whole mount of brain of mosquito larva show- ing diffuse stain along fiber tract leading to circumcesophageal commissures. Prepared by rapid staining of living brain in alcoholic stain. See text. Magnification 190 x.
Figure 7. Another example of same of Fig. 6. Magnification 190 x.
Figure 8. Portion of whole mount of brain fixed and stained in a saturated solution of Black Sudan B in 50% ethyl alcohol (6 hours). Stain mostly in free particles of various sizes. Note some par- ticles in cell-body regions although bulk of stain is in fiber tract regions. Magnification 190 x.
Figure 9. Whole mount of thoracic ganglia of larva fixed and stained in a saturated solution of Black Sudan B in 70% ethyl alcohol (5 minutes). Stain approximately half in free particles, half diffuse. Magnification 180 x.
Figure 10. Higher magnification of released stained particles in a crushed whole mount of a brain fixed in 50% alcohol (15 hours) and then stained. Note that particles lying free in the mounting medium retain their irregular shapes. Magnification 250 X.
Figure 11. Section of abdominal ganglion of normal larva fixed in 1% osmic acid for 24 hours. All parts of the nerve cord are colored a uniform light brown (same intensity as in the muscles) . Mag- nification 340 X.
Figure. 12. Section of abdominal ganglion of a larva killed by 3 minutes at 45° C. and then fixed in 1% osmic acid for 24 hours. Nerve cell bodies are colored a light brown (as in controls) but the fiber tracts are intensely blackened between the fibers. Mag- nification 340 x.
Figure 13. Another section from a different specimen of same lot of larvae as Fig 12. Note that the blackening of the fiber tracts is in- complete on one side in this particular section. Magnification 340 X.
(Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. LI
(Plate IV)
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[Yol. li
ADDITIONS TO SMITH’S 1909 DIPTERA LIST
By William F. Rapp, Jr.
During the summer of 1942 I did considerable collecting of Diptera in the Glassboro region. All the species listed were taken in the vicinity of Glassboro, Gloucester County, New Jersey. I wish to thank Dr. S. W. Bromley, Dr. A. Stone, Dr. M. T. James and Mr. C. T. Greene for identifications in their respective groups.
Family tendeipediee Chironomus dimorphus Mall. V-23-42.
Family simuluee
Simulum decorum Walk. VI-21-42.
Family asiliee
Diagmites misellus Loew. VII-21-42.
Family dorilaule Dorilas confraternus Banks. VI-20-42.
Dorilas dubius Cresson. V-23-42.
Family larvjevoriee Aplomya theclarum Scud. VIII-1-42.
Bonnetia comta Fall. VII-11-42.
Dinera grisescens Mg. VII-21-42.
Hyalomyia aldricki Tns. VIII-3-42.
Leucostoma atra Tns. VII-11-42.
Metachaeta carbonaria Panz. V-23-42.
Nemorilla floralis Fall. VI-20-42.
Neophorocera claripennis Mg. V-23-42.
Family sarcophagies Amobia signata Meig. VIII-1-42.
Family anthomyiidje Ilylemyia betarum Lint. VIII-1-42.
Family tetanocerihe
Limnia samtogensis ottawensis Mel. VI-20-42.
Family otitidje
Chcetopsis fulvifrons Macq. V-23-42.
Family agromyziee Agromyza virens Loew. VIII-1-42.
Family chloropiee Chloropisca glabra Macq. V-23-42.
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No. 2
r
Vol. LI
JUNE, 1943
Journal
of the
New York Entomological Society
Devoted to Entomology in General
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HARRY B. WEISS EDWIN W. TEALE
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1943
CONTENTS
Racial Differentiation in Nearctic Species of Dianthidium (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)
By P. H. Timberlake 71
New Records (Lepidoptera) 110
New Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera)
By Cornelius B. Philip Ill
Insect Behavior to Various Wave Lengths of Light
By Harry B. Weiss, Frank A. Soraci, and E. E. Mc- Coy, Jr 117
New Records (Lepidoptera) 132
NOTICE: Volume LI, Number 1, of The Journal of the New York Entomological Society was published on April 13, 1943.
Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of August 24, 1912.
Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103. Act of October 3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924.
JOURNAL
OF THE
New York Entomological Society
Vol. LI June, 1943 No. 2
RACIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN NEARCTIC SPECIES OF DIANTHIDIUM (HYMENOPTERA, APOIDEA)1
By P. H. Timberlake
University of California Citrus Experiment Station Riverside, California
This study of our North American species of Dianthidium is not intended to be monographic ; yet all the types located on the Pacific Coast have been examined, and the interpretations of Herbert F. Schwarz, who has studied other types in New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, have been followed in the main. There is little or no doubt, therefore, about the strict application of the names here involved.
The species herein recognized are distinguishable by such mor- phological characters as structure of the mandibles in the females, modification of the apical tergite, ventrite, and the genitalia in the males, and by size and sculpture in both sexes. The subspe- cies, on the other hand, are differentiated by variation in the extent and color of the maculations, by the character of the pubescence, and by relatively minor differences in the sculpture. On the Pacific Coast, in several widely distributed species, there is a progressive increase in maculation, both in extent and in depth of color, from British Columbia and Washington south- ward to southern California. Farther south, in Lower Cali- fornia, the tendency is reversed, specimens from this region
1 Paper No. 469, University of California Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California.
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exhibiting a contraction of the maculations, although the color may remain equally bright. In certain species, however, in the more arid or desert portion of the habitat, there is a distinct bleaching of the color. Another interesting variation is the con- spicuous increase in the length of pubescence shown by specimens of two species of the Sierra Nevada region.
The material basis of this study has been the collections of the California Academy of Sciences and the University of California Citrus Experiment Station, the Cazier collection now belonging to the American Museum of Natural History, and a small but important set of specimens from the collections of the Bohart brothers and of Messrs. Linsley and Michener.
In the following key, the females of nearly all our species are distinguished by characters that are almost exclusively morpho- logical. The key, on this account, may prove to be difficult for the beginner who has no authentically identified specimens for comparison ; in such a case it should be supplemented by use of keys that have been published by Schwarz.
Key to the Females of Nearctic Species of Dianthidium
1. Large species, about 12 mm. long ; sides of tergites 2 and 3, or 2 to 5,
more or less inflated, with the posterior angles widely diverging from base of following segment 2.
Smaller species, about 10 mm. long, or less; sides of middle tergites not inflated 3.
2. Sides of tergites 2 to 5 strongly inflated; tergite 6 broadly truncate at
apex, with posterior corners rounded; spur of hind coxae long and conical .>.... ...singulare (Cresson).
Sides of tergites 2 and 3 weakly inflated but strongly diverging from base of following segment; tergite 6 broadly rounded at apex; spur of hind coxae short and stout cressonii (Dalla Torre).
3. Coxae of fore legs armed with a short hairy spine at apex 4.
Anterior coxae unarmed at apex, rarely with a rounded crest on ventral
surface 6.
4. Large species, 8-10 mm. long, abdomen nearly 4 mm. wide; markings
of head and thorax more or less reddened; lateral face-marks ending broadly above antennae 5.
Smaller, about 8 mm. long; maculations yellow throughout; lateral face- marks narrowed above simile (Cresson).
5. Punctures of frons and vertex coarse and close, becoming a little more
separated on vertex, especially behind ocelli curvatum (Smith).
Punctures of frons and vertex as in curvatum, but slightly closer and nearly uniformly spaced throughout sayi Cockerell.
June, 1943]
Timberlake : Dianthidium
73
6. Punctures of frons more or less close but separate enough to leave shin-
ing interstices , 7.
Punctures of frons very dense, so that the surface is more or less dull; mesoscutum also dull and densely punctured 15.
7. Mandibles with a small preapical notch, but preapical tooth very blunt
or hardly developed I 8.
Mandibles with a distinct preapical tooth, set off on one side by a pre- apical notch and on the other side by a more or less concave cutting edge . 10.
8. Mandibles with the cutting edge straight, relieved only by small acute
notch preapically; the apical tooth small, not, or hardly, projecting
beyond contour of cutting edge 9.
Mandibles with a large well-developed apical tooth, followed by a broad- angled notch, which thus sets off a low blunt preapical tooth, with the cutting edge beyond straight; ventral scopa more or less fuscous.
desertorum n. sp.
9. Punctures of face, vertex, and mesoscutum nearly uniformly coarse and
close, and only a little finer than those of mesopleura; large, robust species, resembling curvatum and sayi, with legs mainly red.
subrufulum n. sp.
Punctures of mesoscutum fine and close, becoming a little finer and denser on anterior middle; those of frons and vertex somewhat coarser; those of mesopleura much coarser pudicum (Cresson).
10. Mesoscutum with the interstices between the punctures more or less
shining 11.
Mesoscutum dull, the interstices between the very close punctures tessellate fraternum n. sp.
11. Punctures of frons more or less coarse and at least equal to those of
clypeus . 12.
Punctures of frons and vertex fine, uniformly and closely spaced, fading out on posterior border of vertex and subequal to those of mesoscutum, a little finer than those of clypeus and much finer than those of mesopleura platyurum Cockerell.
12. Punctures of mesoscutum not becoming appreciably finer and denser on
anterior middle 13.
Punctures of mesoscutum becoming distinctly finer and denser on an- terior middle; punctures of frons, vertex, and clypeus rather coarse, uniformly close, and subequal to the coarser punctures of mesoscutum ; legs red concinnum (Cresson).
13. Punctures of frons, at least in the middle, somewhat separated, some of
the interstices equal to one-half to one puncture-width 14.
Punctures of frons almost touching, honeycomblike, and about as close as those of mesoscutum subparvum Swenk.
14. Punctures of clypeus, frons, and mesoscutum moderately fine and sub-
equal, becoming a little separated on frons, with those of vertex a little finer and sometimes a little sparser behind ocelli.
parvum (Cresson).
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Punctures of clypeus and frons rather coarse and rather well separated on middle of frons ; those of vertex finer, becoming more widely spaced behind ocelli; punctures of mesoscutum very close throughout and slightly finer than those of frons ! profugum Cockerell.
15. Mandibles with distinct apical and preapical teeth, the cutting edge
within concavely arcuate 16.
Mandibles with or without a small acute preapical notch, the cutting edge within straight, so that a preapical tooth is little or not at all indicated 17.
16. Apical and preapical teeth of mandibles large, broad at base, the inner
one blunt, both together occupying half the apical cutting edge; punctures of mesoscutum moderately coarse, not becoming denser on
anterior middle ulkei (Cresson).
Teeth of mandibles smaller, acute; arcuate portion of cutting edge fortified by a carina on inner surface close to margin; punctures of mesoscutum rather fine and dense, becoming finer and denser on anterior middle consimile (Ashmead).
17. Mandibles with a preapical notch, but apical tooth short and blunt,
hardly projecting beyond contour of cutting edge; mesoscutum finely and densely punctured, the sculpture finer and denser on anterior
middle plenum n. sp.
Mandibles with a distinct apical tooth strongly projecting beyond con- tour of remainder of cutting edge, but without a preapical notch and tooth; punctures of mesoscutum nearly as fine as in plenum, but the sculpture not appreciably finer and denser on anterior middle.
macswaini n. sp.
GROUP OF DIANTHIDXUM SINGULARE (CRESSON)
Here belong two remarkably large and handsome species, D. singulare and cressonii, which have the sides of middle tergites peculiarly inflated.
Dianthidium singulare (Cresson)
The male of singulare has the seventh tergite strongly trilobed, with the median lobe narrowly triangular, the emargination each side of it deep and flaring on outer side, and the lateral lobes very obliquely truncate from within outward, with outer margin strongly rounded. The lateral lobes thus appear to be diver- gent and subtriangular in shape, with rounded apex.
Dianthidium singulare singulare (Cresson).
The type from Nevada has the yellow band on tergites 1 and 2 broken into three spots, and that on tergite 3 broken into four spots, although the two inner spots are almost confluent.
June, 1943]
Timberlake : Dianthidium
75
In a male previously reported by Cockerell from Meadow Val- ley, Plumas Co., California (Van Dyke), the bands on the first two tergites are broken into three spots, but that on the third is entire and encloses two black spots, as do also the following bands. A female from Cisco, California, June 13, 1939 (Gr. E. Bohart), has similar markings, except that the two black spots in the band on tergite 3 break through on the anterior margin.
Dianthidium singulare perluteum Cockerell.
In this race from southern California, the abdominal bands are all entire. In the Academy collection are 7 specimens of both sexes, from Santa Rosa Peak, 8,000 feet, June 22 ; Idyllwild, San Jacinto Mts., June 19 to 23; Forest Home, San Bernardino Mts., June 17 and 18 (Van Dyke) ; and from Mill Creek, 6,000 feet, San Bernardino Mts., on Chrysothamnus, Oct. 11 (I. McCracken). I have also taken it at Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., on Eulophus, Aug. 10 ; at Forest Home on Cirsium, July 5 ; and at Mill Creek, 6,000 feet, on Erysimum , June 21. At 6,200 feet, Mill Creek, on Sept. 7, 1935, a female was discovered building its nest on the side of a partially buried rock in the creek bed, and 2 males that had followed it to the nesting site were captured. This nest was inspected several times during the following sum- mer, but nothing issued. During the second winter, the creek bed was scoured out by a severe flood, and the rock and all must have been swept away.
Dianthidium cressonii (Dalla Torre)
This species has the sides of the middle tergites less inflated and the apex of the last tergite much less truncate than in singu- lare. I have not seen the male.
One female, Ward, Colorado, Aug. 10 (Cockerell) ; another, Nederland, Colorado, at flowers of wild rose, July 1, 1939 (Tim- berlake).
GROUP OF DIANTHIDIUM CURVATUM (SMITH)
The curvatum and ulkei groups are closely allied and similar in the structure of the seventh tergite of the male. This sclerite in both groups is broadly truncate at apex, with a shortly project- ing median lobe or tooth. In the curvatum group, the median lobe is set off by a small but distinct notch on each side of its
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base ; the sixth ventrite is rather short and has its apical margin broadly rounded; the front coxae are armed at the apex with a short spine projecting horizontally, as in certain species of Col- let es and Nomada ; and the sagittal lobes of the genitalia are devoid of hair. In the ulkei group, the median lobe of the sev- enth tergite is but little more than a short projection from the otherwise truncate margin, the notch on each side of it being more or less evanescent (more distinct in ulkei than in the other species of its group) ; the sixth ventrite is produced medially, with the sides of the margin converging to a comparatively narrow, rounded, subtruncate or even notched apex; the front coxte are unarmed ; and the sagittal lobes of the genitalia are fringed with hair on outer margins or provided with a short erect pile on the dorsal surface.
The males of the curvatum group may be distinguished as fol- lows :
1. Large species, generally over 9 mm. in length, with the maculations more
or less reddened, especially on thorax, legs, and abdomen ; lateral face- marks ending more or less broadly at level of anterior ocellus 2.
Black, with yellow maculations; lateral face-marks narrowed above and ending at level of middle of f rons ; fringe of hair on fifth ventrite thin, and that on fourth considerably less developed simile (Cress.).
2. Fringe of hair on fourth and fifth ventrites rather thin, but not less de-
veloped on the fourth segment curvatum (Smith).
Venter very hairy, with a dense fringe on fourth and fifth segments, and on sides of the sixth sayi Ckll.
Dianthidium simile (Cresson)
Of this species I have examined a female from Browns Mills, New Jersey, and a male from Ogunquit, Maine, kindly loaned by Mr. Schwarz.
Dianthidium curvatum (Smith)
The Academy collection includes the following material : a pair from Mobile, Alabama, Sept. 19, 1939 ; 1 female, Fort Mor- gan, Alabama, Sept. 20; one pair, Eureka Springs, Ouachita Mts., Arkansas, Sept. 4 ; 1 male, Hot Springs, Arkansas, Oct. 1 • and 4 males, Branson, Missouri, Sept. 7 and 11, 1939 (all Van Dyke).
June, 1943]
Timberlake : Dianthidium
77
The Fort Morgan female has the markings of clypeus, vertex, mesoscutum, scutellum, and first two tergites considerably red- dened, the band on vertex narrow and continuous, the legs little blackened at base, the two spots on tergite 5 small and round, and the marks on mesoscutum extended backward on lateral margins. It thus resembles sayi in many ways, but the punc- tures of f rons and vertex -are sparser. The Missouri and Arkan- sas specimens tend to have the marks on anterior margin of meso- scutum reduced and sometimes not extending outward beyond the inner end of the scale-like expansion of tubercle.
D. curvatum and sayi are very close structurally and may ulti- mately prove to be races of one species, but the punctures of the frons and vertex are sparser in curvatum in both sexes, and the venter of the male of sayi is much more densely hairy. The genitalia and accessory parts are nearly identical in the two species.
D. floridiense Schwarz agrees with curvatum except in color and in my estimation is merely a race of that species.
Dianthidium sayi Cockerell
This species was described by Say (1824) under the preoccu- pied name of interruptum, from Missouri. Although Missouri gained statehood in 1821, it is possible that Say cited the locality loosely, and it seems probable that his types were captured farther west. At any rate, by modern records the species is known to occur only as far eastward as the western parts of Kansas and Nebraska.
A series including both sexes, from Lewiston, Idaho, July 14-22, 1925 (C. L. Fox), is in the Academy collection. One specimen is marked “ Gaillardia,” and perhaps all were taken on that flower. Among specimens submitted by Messrs. Linsley and Michener were 2 males of sayi from Utah, one taken at Tren- ton, Aug. 23 (Knowlton and Hardy), the other at Hooper, Sept. 19 (D. E. Hardy). I also have specimens from Salt Lake City, Utah, and from Boulder, Denver, and La Junta, Colorado.
From Mesilla, New Mexico, Cockerell has described the race xerophilum, which has the red or ferruginous color spread over nearly all the head and thorax and a part of the abdomen.
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GROUP OF DIANTHIDIUM ULKEI (CRESSON)
The males of this group may he distinguished as follows :
1. Species 9 mm., or less, in length; apex of sixth ventrite not notched;
maculations yellow . 2.
Larger, similar to curvatum and sayi in size and maculations and with more or less red suffusions, especially on legs and venter ; apex of sixth ventrite distinctly notched subrufulum n. sp.
2. Frons and mesoscutum shining, the punctures close but not dense ; median
lobe of seventh tergite set off by a very shallow emargination on each
side 3.
Frons and mesoscutum dull and densely punctured; notch on each side of median lobe of seventh tergite small but usually distinct; venter very hairy, with a long fringe on segments 2 to 5 and on each side of 6 at base ulkei (Cress.).
3. Frons and mesoscutum finely and closely punctured, the punctures finer
than those of clypeus and much finer than those of mesopleura; venter
hairy and sagittal Jobes of genitalia fringed laterally platyurum Ckll.
Frons and mesoscutum more coarsely punctured, the punctures subequal to those of clypeus and only a little finer than those of mesopleura; punctures of frons a little separated; fringes of ventral segments very thin, the sides of the sixth with short erect hair ; sagittal lobes shallowly furrowed lengthwise above and invested with a fine erect pile.
desertorum n. sp.
Dianthidium subrufulum new species
Along with the few specimens of curvatum from Missouri and Arkansas, Van Dyke collected a large series of a similar species, which is liable to be confused with either curvatum or sayi. The male differs from either of those species in having the apical lobe of the sixth ventrite with nearly straight convergent sides and the rather narrow apex distinctly notched. The sagittal lobes are also rather densely fringed with hair. (In curvatum and sayi the sixth ventrite is broadly and evenly rounded at apex, and the sagittal lobes are glabrous.) The female has the punc- tures of frons and vertex a little finer and considerably closer, especially on each side of vertex, than in either sayi or curvatum. In the mainly ferruginous legs, it resembles sayi, although yellow stripes are generally present at base of tibiae. In the black thorax and abdomen with yellow maculations, it resembles curvatum ; yet sometimes the sternum, propodeum, and base of abdomen are more or less red or suffused with red. Actually, subrufulum is
June, 1943]
Timberlake : Dianthidium
79
closer to ulkei, but its considerably larger size and the notch at apex of sixth ventrite of the male will distinguish it. Schwarz described D. ulkei var. cooleyi, from Montana, as having fer- ruginous legs, but he made no claim that it was distinguishable from ulkei in any way except color.
Male. — Size and form as in curvatum. Black; the tegulae, ground color of legs, venter, retlexed sides of first tergite, and sometimes sides of pro- podeum above hind coxae, ferruginous red. Scape beneath and at base more or less reddened, but flagellum black. Front and middle coxae black, except apex, but hind pair nearly all red except the yellow spurs. Spot at apex of femora above, stripe on front and middle femora behind (sometimes evanes- cent), broad stripe on outer side of front and middle tibiae, basal mark and preapical transverse band on outer side of hind tibiae, and stripe on basitarsi, yellow. Maculations of head, thorax, and abdomen bright yellow, although generally a little paler on face. Markings include mandibles, except apical margin; clypeus; small supraclypeal spot; lateral face-marks nearly reaching summit of eyes and generally a little more pointed above than in curvatum ; stripe behind upper part of eye, sometimes extended to form interrupted band across vertex (the portion on vertex sometimes divided into four spots) ; dot or spot on frons; large mark on tubercles; curved mark on tegulse; mark on each side of anterior margin of mesoscutum, generally rather small, but some- times extended to lateral margin ; spot on axillae ; continuous band at apex of scutellum ; band on tergites 1 to 5 ; and most of tergite 7. Band on tergite 1 interrupted on each side. Bands on tergites 2 to 5 biarcuated by a broad anterior emargination in middle anteriorly and by a shallower emargination on each side posteriorly, those on 4 and 5 narrowly interrupted medially, that on 3 sometimes interrupted, and that on 2 most frequently continuous. Spur on hind coxa large and acute. Tergite 7 as in ulkei. (Nearly the same as in curvatum and sayi, but the median tooth less set off by a small emargina- tion on each side of its base.) Puncturation throughout similar to curvatum, but a little finer and considerably sparser on frons and vertex. Mesoscutum a little dullish from a minute tessellation between the close punctures. Pu- bescence about as in curvatum, the vestiture of venter much less dense than in sayi. Wings rather dark fuliginous, the nervures black. Length, 9-11 mm. ; anterior wing, 9 mm. ; width of abdomen, about 3.9 mm.
Female. — Similar to male. Mandibles black, and scape less reddened than in males. Yellow of clypeus divided into two spots by a broad median black area. Supraclypeal mark absent, or rarely represented by a yellow dot. Legs ferruginous red, with a small spot at apex of middle and hind femora and basal spot or stripe on outer side of tibiae, generally reaching middle on front and middle pair, yellow. Tarsi sometimes a little infuscated or even blackish, except on one or two apical joints. Yellow bands on tergites 2 to 5 rather broadly interrupted medially, with inner ends of marks more or less pointed on 2 and 3, the two marks on tergite 5 lacking the portion laterad of the usual posterior emargination. Tergite 6 and venter black, but reflexed
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sides of tergite 1 more or less red. Band on tergite 1 usually interrupted on each side, but occasionally continuous. Ventral scopa yellowish. Length, 8-10 mm. ; anterior wing, 8 mm. ; width of abdomen, nearly 4 mm.
In both sexes the red coloration is sometimes extended over a large part of sternum, most of propodenm, and lower part of metaplenra, with more or less red suffusion on dark parts of first two tergites and, more rarely in male, on lateral margins of fol- lowing tergites and on apical margin of the sixth. The male occasionally has a yellow dot on middle of anterior margin of the mesopleuron.
Holotype, male, and allotype, Branson, Missouri, Sept. 15, 1939. Paratypes as follows : 14 males, 26 females, Branson, Mis- souri, Sept. 7-16, 1939 • 3 males, 7 females, Eureka Springs, Ouachita Mts., Arkansas, Sept. 4 and 5 ; and 7 males, 7 females, Hot Springs, Arkansas, Oct. 1, 1939 (all E. C. Yan Dyke). Types in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
Dianthidium ulkei (Cresson)
Key to the Subspecies, or Varieties, of ulkei, Females
1. Legs black, with yellow or cream-colored markings 2.
Legs light reddish brown, with a yellow stripe of variable length on tibiae ;
venter also more or less reddish brown (Musselshell and Billings, Mon- tana) cooleyi Schwarz.
2. Markings yellow 3.
Markings cream color ; outer side of tibiae pale ; an elongated spot on
frons and large band behind upper part of eyes (Santa Fe, New Mexico) perterritum Ckll.
3. Maculations full on mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum, mesopleura, and sixth
tergite 4.
Maculation on parts named above reduced, the mesoscutum and axillae sometimes entirely black; sixth tergite entirely black or with two yel- low dots (Washington, Oregon) reductum n. subsp.
4. Mandibles yellow, except on outer margin and apex; stripe behind eyes
extending whole length of eye; two yellow spots on a band between antennae above usual supraclypeal mark; frontal spot large, more or less oval; abdominal bands very broad, mostly entire, except on middle segments, the posterior emarginations generally absent except on first
and last segments (southern California) davidsoni Ckll.
Mandibles with a small yellow spot or entirely black; no yellow mark between antennae ; stripe behind eyes shorter ; frontal spot more parallel- sided; abdominal bands less broad, interrupted medially on tergites 2 or 3 to 6 and often more or less emarginate behind on each side( Colo- rado to northern California) . ulkei (Cress.).
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Dianthidium ulkei ulkei (Cresson).
D. ulkei was described from Utah and has been recorded by Cockerell from New Mexico and Colorado and by Swenk from Nebraska, where an undermaculated variety was observed. The female typically has a yellow spot at base of mandibles, which is almost always present in California material but absent in all Colorado females that I have seen.
Typical ulkei is represented in the Academy collection by a large series from Twain Harte, 4,000 feet, Tuolumne Co., Cali- fornia, on Grindelia, July, 1937 (Blaisdell) ; and by one or more specimens from each of the following localities: Meadow Valley, Plumas Co., June 30 and July 4, 1924 (Van Dyke) ; hills back of Oakland, July 29, 1929 (E. C. Zimmerman) ; Buck Creek, Modoc Co., July 21 and 25, 1922 (C. L. Fox) ; Mt. Lassen, 6,000-
8.000 feet, Ang. 2, 1938 (Van Dyke) ; Myers, Humboldt Co., July 7, 1937 (Van Dyke) ; Carrville, Trinity Co., June 30, 1931 (Van Dyke) ; Huntington Lake, 7,000 feet, Fresno Co., July 30, 1919 (Van Duzee) ; Mt. St. Helena, May 12, 1926 (Van Duzee) ; Glacier Lodge, Big Pine Creek, 8,000-11,000 feet, Inyo Co., California, Aug. 1929 (I. McCracken) ; Bryce Canyon, Utah, June 21, 1933 (O. H. Swezey) ; Bluff, Utah, on Aster, Sept. 14, 1938 (I. Mc- Cracken) ; and Lake of the Woods, Klamath Co., Oregon, July 10, 1934 (Van Dyke).
The following material of ulkei has been recorded by Cockerell, the males as parvum and the females as consimile: males, Hunt- ington Lake, 7,000 feet, Fresno Co., California ; females, Cascada,
6.000 feet, Fresno Co. ; males and females, Cayton, Shasta Co. ; and males from Strawberry Valley, Eldorado Co., California, and from Ashland, Oregon.
In the Cazier collection (American Museum), ulkei is repre- sented from Safford, Arizona, and from the following localities in California: Davis; Mammoth Lake and Hot Creek, Mono Co.; Carson Pass, 8,000 feet; and north of Bishop, Inyo Co. (all Bohart).
The female from Mt. St. Helena lacks the yellow spot on mandi- ble, but is otherwise fully maculated. The female from Glacier Lodge also lacks yellow on mandibles and is otherwise somewhat undermaculated, having the yellow bands on tergites 2 to 5 well
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interrupted medially and the yellow on tergite 6 reduced to two round, well-separated spots.
Dianthidium ulkei davidsoni Cockerell.
This was described from southern California, where it is found in the mountains. The female has the yellow mark on mandible very large, black mark on clypeus small or absent, a yellow mark or two dots usually present between antennas (above the usual supraclypeal mark), frontal spot large, and bands of abdomen very broad, continuous, and little if at all emarginate behind, except on tergites 1 and 6. The male differs from typical ulkei chiefly in having the posterior emarginations of abdominal bands much smaller.
In the Academy collection davidsoni is represented by a female from Antioch, Contra Costa Co., Sept. 9, 1936 (Van Dyke) ; a female from Pinon Plat, San Jacinto Mts., June 21, 1941 (Van Dyke) ; and a male from Pinnacles, San Benito Co., California, Aug. 17, 1933 (J. T. Howell and L. S. Ross). A male from Mill Creek, San Bernardino Mts., has been recorded by Cockerell as parvum.
I have collected it at Camp Baldy and Big Pines Camp, San Gabriel Mts. ; at Pinecrest, Arrowhead Ranger Station, Bear Valley, Mountain Home Creek, Mill Creek, and Vivian Creek trail, San Bernardino Mts. ; and at Idyllwild, San Jacinto Mts. These localities range from about 4,000 to 7,000 feet in altitude.
Dianthidium ulkei reductum new subspecies.
This is a considerably undermaculated form occurring in parts of the Northwest and represented at least by individual variants farther east, as noted by Swenk in Nebraska. The putative female of D. heterulkei described by Schwarz seems to belong here, but heterulkei was based on a male with apparently good morphological characters. The most distinctive characters of reductum are the usually very small markings of the thorax, which is sometimes almost entirely black except on tegulse and tubercles, and the entirely, or almost entirely, black sixth tergite of the female.
Female. — Like ulkei in puncturation, pubescence, and structure of mandi- bles. Mandibles entirely black. Anterior margin and broad median stripe on
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clypeus, black. Lateral face-marks normal. Frontal spot small and linear. No marks on vertex, and the stripes behind eyes short. Spots on anterior mar- gin of mesoscutum very small. Spots on apex of scutellum small. Spots on axillae and mesopleura and stripes on femora, evanescent. Stripes on tibiae rather narrow ; stripe on hind pair broad at base, with a narrow extension on dorsal margin nearly to apex, where it curves forward. Basitarsi immacu- late. Tergites 1 to 5 each with a yellow band, broader on apical segments, well interrupted medially on 2 to 5 and emarginate behind on each side. Emarginations rather large and deep on tergite 1 and becoming progressively smaller on following segments, those on 4 and 5 tending to become enclosed. Tergite 6 black, with a suffused yellow dot on each side.
Two paratypes (Madras, Oregon) have a supraclypeal dot or small spot, stripe behind eyes longer, markings on mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum, and mesopleura rather well developed, but bands on tergites 2 to 5 well inter- rupted medially, and tergite 6 either entirely black or with two evanescent dots.
Male. — Markings of head and thorax as in female, except usual sexual difference. Supraclypeal mark small. Spots on axillae and mesopleura absent. Yellow stripes of tibiae broad, but on hind pair restricted by a broad black extension from the under side before the apex. Basitarsi macu- lated on outer side. Band on tergite 1 divided into three spots, those on 2 to 5 slightly interrupted medially and broadly emarginate behind on each side. Tergite 6 black, with a small transverse sinuate mark on each side. Tergite 7 yellow, except basal margin.
In paratypes there may be a short stripe on front and middle femora, the hind tibiae may lack the broad dark subinterruption, and the yellow lines on tergite 6 may extend far mesad and become bisinuate. The allotype has the yellow marks on tegulae and tubercles unusually small.
Holotype, female, and allotype, Longmire, Ranier National Park, Washington, July 22, 1919 (C. L. Pox). Paratypes as fol- lows: 1 male, 2 females, Madras, Oregon, July 29, 1937 (Van Dyke), and 2 males, Lewiston, Idaho, July 17 and 21, 1925 (C. L. Pox) . Types in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.
A female of ulkei from Dripping Springs, New Mexico, Aug. 10 (Townsend), in American Museum, agrees well with reductum in most respects. It differs from the type of reductum in having the markings paler yellow or almost cream color and the dark portion of tegulae bright ferruginous. It thus shows intergreda- tion with perterritum Ckll.
Swenk has recorded reductum- like specimens from Nebraska (Sioux and Dawes Counties). Schwarz has also recorded under- maculated ulkei from Three Sisters, Oregon, which I presume
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were similar to paratypes of reductum from Madras. He has also recorded specimens of ulkei from British Columbia (Fair- view, Keremeos, Vernon, and Summerland), but made no com- ment on their markings.
It thus seems that ulkei tends to be more or less undermacu- lated in various parts of the periphery of its range. However, as it is probable that the reduction of the maculations has oc- curred independently in different regions, I would hesitate to refer the Dripping Springs specimen to reductum , which race should be considered as properly restricted to the Northwest.
Dianthidium desertorum new species
In the contour of seventh tergite of the male, this species is very similar to idkei, but the parameres of stipites, instead of the sagittal lobes, are fringed with long hairs. The female differs from other species of the United States, except concinnum, in having the ventral scopa fuscous; but the legs are black, with yellow markings. It differs in markings and other ways from platyurum and profugum from Lower California.
Male. — Black, with clear lemon-yellow markings. Large mark on basal half of mandibles, clypeus, lateral face-marks narrowed above, small supra- clypeal mark, stripe behind upper part of eyes and dot on posterior orbits at anterior end of eyes, large mark on each side of anterior margin of mesoscu- tnm, broad continuous band apically on axillae and scutellum, small spot on mesopleura and large mark on tegulse and tubercles, yellow. Apex of femora broadly, broad stripe on front and middle femora behind, broad stripe on outer side of tibiae, and stripe on basitarsi, yellow. Hind tibiae with an en- closed black or brownish spot. Tergites 1 to 6 each with a broad yellow band, that on 1 interrupted, the others with broad posterior emarginations on each side, and those on 3 to 6 notched medially in front. Tergite 7 yellow except basal margin; its subhyaline apical margin unusually narrow. Head and thorax shining. Punctures of frons moderately coarse and a little sepa- rated; those of vertex much finer and closer. Punctures of mesoscutum similar to those of frons, but closer and becoming dense on anterior middle. Punctures of mesopleura coarse and close. Abdomen a little dullish, punc- tured about as usual, except that punctures of seventh tergite are fine and sparse. Pubescence whitish, rather long and loose, with numerous long erect hairs on mesoscutum, besides shorter subappressed hair. Hair of vertex and mesoscutum pale brownish ochreous. Hair of venter sparser than usual, but there is a dense transverse apical tuft on segment 3. Length, 9 mm. ; anterior wing, 7 mm.
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Female. — Clypeus, except anterior margin and a thin uneven line on dorsal margin, broad lateral marks narrowed above, minute dot on supraclypeal area, stripe behind whole length of eye but interrupted below middle, large anterior marks on mesoscutum, reaching lateral margins, broad apical band on axillae and scutellum, large marks on tubercles and tegulae, and irregular, medium-sized mark on mesopleura, lemon yellow. Markings of legs as in male, except on basitarsi, which are marked with a basal spot only on the hind pair. Tergites 1 to 5 each with a broad yellow band, slightly inter- rupted medially on 2 to 5 and broadly interrupted on each side on 1. Pos- terior emarginations on each side are of medium size and represented by enclosed black spots on 4 and 5. Tergite 6 with two large roundish and well-separated yellow marks. Mandibles with an acute apical and a very short blunt preapical tooth, the latter, together with concave cutting edge within, forming a bisinuate margin. Pubescence and puncturation as in the male, the punctures of apical tergite, however, about as in other species. Ventral scopa fuscous, becoming whitish on apical segment. Length, 8 mm.; anterior wing, 7 mm.
A paratype from Borego differs in having a rather broad median black stripe on clypeus, enclosing a yellow dot above, the yellow stripe behind eyes nearly obliterated on anterior half, the yellow stripe on front tibiae abbrevi- ated apically, yellow of hind tibiae confined to basal half, spot on mesopleura very small, and ventral scopa more a fulvous-brown tinge. Another paratype from Tahquitz Canyon differs in having a supraclypeal spot, the emargina- tions of the yellow band on first tergite not quite breaking through, and those on following segments represented by enclosed black spots.
Holotype, male, and allotype, collected 2 miles north of Palm Springs, California, on Hyptis emoryi, Mar. 7, 1936 (Timber- lake). One female (paratype), Palm Canyon, Borego Valley, San Diego Co., May 21, 1941 (R. C. Dickson). Types in collec- tion of the Citrus Experiment Station. Another female (para- type) in the Bohart collection, from Tahqnitz Canyon, near Palm Springs, Apr. 15, 1938 (R. M. and G. E. Bohart).
Dianthidium platyurum Cockerell
D. platyurum was described from San Francisquito Bay, Lower California, but I find the species well represented in southern California. Here in the cismontane area it is represented by the race baculifrons, described by Cockerell as a race of parvum and redescribed by Schwarz as D. ulkei var. raparii (new synonymy). In my opinion platyurum, together with its race baculifrons, is quite distinct from either parvum or ulkei, but obviously close to the latter. It differs from ulkei in having the
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head and thorax shining, with fine, slightly separated punctures. The male genitalia of the two species are nearly the same, but the sagittse in ulkei are more constricted subbasally, and the para- meres of the stipites of platyurum have a longer, somewhat broader apical expansion, with an incurved or upturned acute point on the inner or dorsal margin at the apex. In Schwarz’s figure of the genitalia of riparii (Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vol. XXXYI, plate 13, 1928) the para- meres are not quite accurately depicted, as the acute apical angle is represented as being on the outer or inferior margin.
The races of platyurum may be distinguished in the female sex as follows :
1. Tergite 6 entirely black; hind tibiae with a basal spot; basitarsi entirely
dark ! 2.
Tergite 6 with two oval convergent yellow marks; tergites 1 to 5 each with a broad band interrupted medially on 2 to 5 and emarginate be- hind on each side on 1 and 2, the emarginations on 3 to 5 being repre- sented by enclosed black spots ; yellow marks on sides of clypeus united by a yellow band across the top ; hind tibiae with a small apical spot confluent with the basal mark by extension of the yellow along dorsal margin; hind basitarsi with a yellow spot mohavense n. subsp.
2. Yellow band on tergites 1 to 5 rather broad, interrupted medially on 2
to 5; posterior emarginations of bands on each side, deep but rather narrow, sometimes breaking through on 1, and sometimes enlarged on 5 to isolate a small lateral yellow spot; yellow mark on each side of clypeus moderately large, often so shaped as to make the median black area broad above and narrowed below; mark on mesopleura rather small haculifrons Ckll.
Maculations paler yellow; spot on each side of clypeus in the form of a small vertical stripe, or entirely absent ; mark on mesopleura very small or absent; yellow band on tergites 1 to 4 narrower, more broadly inter- rupted medially on 2 to 4, that on 1 divided into three spots, that on 2 into four, and the posterior emarginations on 3 and 4 very deep and almost breaking through; band on 5 represented by two roundish or subtriangular marks platyurum Ckll.
Dianthidium platyurum platyurum Cockerell.
I have one of the two original males from San Francisquito Bay, Lower California.
A female from Morongo Valley, San Bernardino Co., Califor- nia, on Gutierrezia lucida, Sept. 12, 1940 (Cockerell), agrees with the original description except in having a short pale-yellow ver-
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tical line on each side of clypens. The yellow dot on the meso- plenron no donbt will be found to disappear when a series is available. There are no spots on the vertex, and the yellow line behind the eye is short.
Dianthidium platyurum baculifrons Cockerell.
Specimens of riparii Schwarz, of which I have the type, have been compared with the type of baculifrons and found to be identical. D. baculifrons is a common species at Riverside. In the Academy collection it is represented by a male from Voltaire, Los Angeles Co., Sept. 5, 1923 (J. D. Gunder), and a female from Bishop, Inyo Co., June 21, 1929 (Van Dyke). I have also seen a female from San Diego Co., Oct. 4, 1913 (Van Duzee).
Dianthidium platyurum mohavense new subspecies.
Similar to typical platyurum and baculifrons in structure, but with con- siderably more extensive markings.
Female. — Black, the maculations a little more orange yellow than in baculifrons. Yellow marks of clypeus large and united across the summit by a narrow yellow band. A small supraclypeal spot present. Lateral marks of face and frontal spot as in baculifrons. Two small spots on vertex behind ocelli. Stripe behind eyes nearly as long as the eye. Marks on no turn, including tubercles and tegulse, as in baculifrons. Mark on meso- pleuron larger, but only moderately large in comparison with some other species. A small yellow spot on metapleuron. Apex of femora broadly and stripe on front and middle femora behind, yellow. Stripe on outer side of front and middle tibiae and spot at base of hind basitarsi, yellow. Hind tibiae with the yellow on basal half confluent with a small apical spot by an extension along dorsal margin. Tergites 1 to 5 each with a broad yellow band, narrowly interrupted medially on 2 to 5. Bands on 1 and 2 narrowly emarginate behind on each side, but the emarginations on following segments represented by small enclosed black spots. Tergite 6 with two large con- vergent oval marks. Length, 7 mm.; anterior wing, 6 mm.
One female (holotype), Mohave River, near mouth of Deep Creek, San Bernardino Co., California, on Eriogonum fascicu- latum, Aug. 14, 1936 (Timberlake), in collection of the Citrus Experiment Station.
This may prove to be merely an extreme variation of baculi- frons.
Dianthidium concinnum (Cresson)
This species, of which I have not seen the male, probably be- longs to the ulkei group. I have examined 2 females from Boulder, Colorado, one collected on Psoralea, Aug. 10, 1906 (W.
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P. Cockerell), the other on Chrysopsis, June 27, 1939 (Timber- lake) ; 1 female, Prescott, Arizona, on Lotus wrightii, July 5, 1932 (Timberlake) ; and 1 female, Sheridan County, Kansas, Aug. 27, 1941 (Dean).
The specimens examined are all very similar in color and mark- ings, and the Kansas specimen, together with three others of the same data, was compared by Schwarz with the Cresson types and found to be virtually identical. However, in the specimens ex- amined by the writer, the ventral scopa is yellowish white, whereas Cresson described it as fuscous. It is possible that a more northern and western race is indicated by the pale scopa ; but, on the other hand, nothing is known of the variation in the type region, Texas, and besides, it is a well-known fact that several North American Anthidiines that have the scopa normally dark, vary greatly in this respect, and that the variation is mostly not of racial significance.
GROUP OF DIANTHIDIUM PARVUM (CRESSON)
The males of the three species of the parvum group are sepa- rated as follows:
1. Hind coxal spur conical; front coxae unarmed; sagittae of genitalia taken
together nearly parallel-sided, little depressed at apex, with apical corners less prominent 2.
Hind coxal spur short, bulbous at base and rather blunt at apex; front coxae with a low rounded longitudinal crest on under surface at apex; sagittae broader, strongly depressed, and concavely impressed at apex, with apical corners prominent and rounded subparvum Swenk.
2. Median lobe of seventh tergite triangular, acute at apex; sagittal lobes
with a common large oval foveate impression, invested with a fine ap- pressed pubescence fraternum n. sp.
Median lobe of seventh tergite more parallel-sided, blunt at apex, the notch between it and lateral lobes consequently more pronounced and rounded; spurs of hind coxae larger; sagittal lobes nude on the more depressed disk, with a fringe of very short hair on each side of the apex parvum (Cress.).
The recently described D. heterulkei Schwarz may also belong to the parvum group, but I have not been able to examine it.
Dianthidium subparvum Swenk
The identity of the species described by Swenk has remained a little uncertain. Schwarz, in his account of a small series of the
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parvum group from British Columbia (the Canadian Entomolo- gist, Vol. 60, p. 217, 1928), reports that some of the males had a short bulbous spine on the hind coxa, which in other examples was well developed. It is thus evident that both parvum and the species with the short bulbous spine exist side by side in that region and that both exhibit considerable undermaculation. It is therefore a question whether subparvum is the short-spined species or actually an undermaculated form of parvum. Re- ferring to Swenk’s description of the type female from Pullman, Washington, we find that he says : “ Vertex and mesoscutum very closely punctured, finely so on the vertex.” In regard to the male from British Columbia, he says : ‘ 1 Hind coxaa with large stout yellow spines; head and thorax densely but not coarsely punctured.” In parvum the punctures of the frons and vertex are a little separated, distnctly more so than on the mesoscutum, and also the conical coxal spine of parvum would hardly be called “stout.” I believe that it is evident, therefore, that the species Swenk described is the one with the short bulbous coxal spine in the male sex, which in its various forms has been described by Schwarz as semiparvum, gallatince, and swenki.
Holding to this belief, I present the following table of the races, or nominal forms of subparvum (females) :
1. Abdominal bands moderately wide, all emarginate behind on each side
or with enclosed black spots on posterior segments; tergite 6 entirely black or with two yellow spots ; mesopleura immaculate 2.
Bands on tergites 1 to 6 very broad, not interrupted, except slightly on middle segments, and without posterior emargination, except slight ones on tergites 1 and 6 ; mesopleura with a large yellow spot ; outer side of tibiae entirely yellow ; clypeus yellow, with a narrow median black stripe (southern California) : swenki Schwarz.
2. Tergite 6 immaculate; band on tergite 1 in form of three spots 3.
Tergite 6 with two yellow spots; band on tergite 1 entire, or with emargi-
nations partially breaking through; bands on tergites 2 to 5 more or less interrupted medially, with the posterior emarginations on each side rather small and sometimes replaced by enclosed black spots on 3 to 5 ; axillae and scutellum usually maculated; median black area of clypeus broad; yellow stripe on tibiae nearly complete (Utah to northern Cali- fornia) semiparvum Schwarz.
3. Posterior emarginations of abdominal bands broad, those on tergite 1
completely breaking through; axillae and scutellum immaculate, or with traces of yellow spots ; yellow marks of mesoscutum often absent ;
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clypeus with a small yellow spot on each side; yellow stripes on tibiae more or less confined to basal half, at least on front and hing leg
(Washington and British Columbia) subparvum Swenk.
Similar, but band on tergite 2, and sometimes that on 3, broken into four spots; mesoscutum maculated (Montana) gallatince Schwarz.
Dianthidium subparvum subparvum Swenk.
It is probably that gallatince will prove to fall within the limits of variation of subparvum, when large series are available for study from the northwest.
Of subparvum, I have examined a male from Summerland, British Columbia, Aug. 9, 1916 (Sladen), and a female from Wenatchee, Washington, June 8, 1919 (Melander), both in the American Museum collection.
Dianthidium subparvum semiparvum Schwarz.
This was described by Schwarz from Utah, but I would include all moderately undermaculated forms from northern California and Oregon.
In the Academy collection I find 1 male, quite typical, from Moscow, Idaho, July 25, 1925 (C. L. Fox) ; 1 female, Mt. Hood, Oregon, 3,000-6,000 feet, Aug. 6, 1925 (Fox) ; a male and female from Modoc Co., California, the female from Buck Creek, July 21, 1922, the male from Lake City, July 28 (Fox) ; 1 female, Mt. Lassen, 6,000-8,000 feet, Aug. 2, 1938 (Van Dyke) ; 1 female, Lassen National Park, Sept. 9, 1941 (Yan Dyke) ; and 1 female, Gold Lake, Sierra Co., Aug. 4, 1921 (Fox).
In the Cazier collection of the American Museum is a series of eight specimens, mostly collected by the Bohart brothers at Carr- ville, Trinity Co., California, Hot Creek and Leavitt Landing, Mono Co., and at Donner Lake. These were all collected in May and June.
Dianthidium subparvum swenki Schwarz.
This was described as a variety of parvum, but included two species, the majority of the specimens being actually a form of parvum, whereas the holotype and three male paratypes are a form of subparvum. Schwarz has given a good figure of the genitalia (see Journal New York Entomological Society, Yol. XXXYI, plate 13, 1928), which will answer just as well for typi-
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cal subparvum. The southern race differs in the much fuller maculations. As two distinct species were confused in Schwarz’s description, it is desirable to redescribe the race as follows :
Male. — Mandibles, clypeus, suprclypeal and lateral marks and stripe behind eye, pale yellow. Frontal spot sometimes present. Anterior marks on mesoscutum and marks on axillae and scutel- lum usually moderately large, although those on axillae sometimes very small. Apex of femora, stripe on front and middle femora behind, tibiae except beneath, and basitarsi on outer side, yellow. Broad band on tergites 1 to 6, and tergite 7, except basal margin, yellow. Bands all continuous, but at least those on tergites 3 to 5 more or less deeply notched in front medially, and all with a rather small emargination behind on each side. Puncturation of frons and mesoscutum somewhat coarser than in parvum, the scutum less shining. Pubescence yellowish, much more abun- dant than in parvum, the scutum with numerous erect hairs. Spur of hind coxa short and bulbous at base. Median lobe of seventh tergite approximately as in parvum and not so broad as in typical subparvum. Length, about 7. 5-8. 5 mm. ; anterior wing, about 6.8 mm.
Female. — Mandibles black. Clypeus yellow, with a rather narrow median black stripe. A very small supraclypeal spot and sometimes two yellow dots between antennae. Frontal spot rather large. Stripe behind eye often extending whole length of eye, but no spots on vertex. Maculations on tegulae, tubercles, mesoscutum, axillae, scutellum, and mesopleura very large. Large spot at apex of femora, broad stripe behind on front and middle femora, tibiae except beneath, large spot on hind basitarsi, and small spot on front and middle pair, yellow. Tergites 1 to 6 each with a broad yellow band. Bands on tergites 2 to 4 narrowly interrupted medially, those on 5 and 6 notched medially in front, and all with a small emargination behind on each side. Mandi- bles nearly as in ulkei. Punctures of clypeus, frons, mesonotum, and mesopleura rather coarse and very close, on a shining surface. Punctures on these parts and on tergites nearly uniform in size. Pubescence ochraceous, moderately dense, with numerous short erect hairs on mesoscutum. Scopa pale fulvous. Length, about 8 mm. ; anterior wing, 6.7 mm.
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I have the male holotype of swenki from Riverside, and 3 male paratypes from Big Pines Camp, San Gabriel Mts. The true female of swenki was included under davidsoni by Schwarz and is indeed very similar to that species in many ways, but davidsoni has the frons dull, with finer, denser punctures.
In the Academy collection is 1 male from Herkey Creek, June 24, 1934 (I. McCracken), and 1 male from Idyllwild, June 25, 1928 (Van Dyke), in the San Jacinto Mts. In the material re- corded by Cockerell in 1925, is a pair from Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Aug. 1913 (F. C. Clark), the male determined as parvum and the female as consimile. This race has been col- lected also by Linsley at Hemet Reservoir, Idyllwild, and at Van- deventer Flat, in June, 1939. The male has been taken by the writer in the San Jacinto Mts., and the female at Riverside, Big Pines Camp, Idyllwild, and Bear Valley, at flowers of Gutierrezia, Pentachceta , Chcenactis, Erigeron, Corethrogyne and Aster.
Dianthidium fraternum new species
This is another segregate of the parvum group, which is actually closer to parvum than to subparvum. The male characters have been given in a preceding table. The female is distinguished from parvum by having the mesoscutum dull, with the punctures comparatively dense and becoming very crowded on the anterior middle.
The two known races of fraternum may be distinguished by the following table, which may be used for either sex, although the color characters apply especially to the females :
1. Punctures of mesoscutum fine; pubescence short and appressed; usual marks of thorax well formed, except mark on mesopleuron, which is small or absent ; tergite 6 with two roundish yellow spots.
fraternum n. subsp.
Punctures of mesoscutum coarser; pubescence comparatively long and erect; yellow markings reduced, the supraclypeal area, frons, vertex, mesopleura, and tergite 6 immaculate Mrtulum n. subsp.
Dianthidium fraternum fraternum new subspecies.
Male. — Black, the base of tegulae ferruginous. Mandibles (except apex), clypeus, lateral face-marks narrowed above, small frontal spot, short stripe Pehind eyes, usual marks on tubercles, tegulae and anterior margin of meso- scutum, and continuous or slightly interrupted band on axillae and scutellum, pale yellow. Spot at apex of femora, stripe behind on front and middle
June, 1943]
Timberlake: Dianthidium
93
femora, outer side of tibiae and basitarsi, and markings of abdomen, pale yellow. Hind tibia sometimes with a black mark invading yellow from an- terior side just beyond middle. Bands on tergites 1 to 5 moderately wide, with the posterior emargination on each side rather deep and moderately wide, those on 1 often breaking through. Bands on tergites 2 to 5 (some- times 3 and 4 only) narrowly interrupted medially. Band on tergite 6 nar- row, but widened in middle and emarginate behind, or sometimes reduced to small lateral spots. Tergite 7 pale yellow, except basal margin. Punctures of frons close and rather coarse, with shining intervals, those of the vertex becoming more separated in middle and a little finer at sides. Punctures of clypeus and mesopleura close, subequal to those of frons. Mesoscutum dull, rather finely and subrugosely punctate, the sculpture on anterior middle be- coming denser and more obscure. Pubescence whitish, that of mesoscutum more ochreous, very short, and mostly appressed. Tergite 7 similar to that of parvum, but the median lobe or tooth triangular, acute at apex, with the emargination between its base and lateral lobes small. Genitalia as in parvum, but sagittse have a common, large, oval, f oveate impression, lined with fine appressed hairs. Length, 7-9 mm. ; anterior wing, 6.5-7.8 mm.
Female. — Similar to male. Markings pale lemon yellow, including tri- angular mark on each side of clypeus, lateral face-marks narrowed above, small frontal spot, stripe behind eyes, usual marks on tegulae, tubercles and anterior margin of mesoscutum, nearly continuous band on apical rim of axillae and scutellum, small spot on mesopleura (sometimes wanting), spot at apex of femora, stripe on front and middle femora behind, incomplete stripe on outer face of tibiae (that on hind pair reaching middle on dorsal margin), a band on tergites 1 to 5, and two roundish spots on tergite 6. Band on tergite 1 interrupted on each side, and those on 2 to 5 well interrupted medially. Posterior emarginations of bands on 2 to 5 moderately large, becoming progressively smaller on apical segments, those on 5 sometimes represented by enclosed black spots. Mandibles with two small apical teeth and concave cutting edge as in parvum. Sculpture and pubescence as in male. Ventral scopa pale brownish fulvous. Length, 7-8 mm.; anterior wing, 6.4-7 mm.
Holotype, male, and allotype, taken in copula, on